BIOS 280 Test 3 - –Answer Mutations 2. What is recombination? ?...

1 / 56

BIOS 280 Test 3

• All organisms get random variability through..

–Answer Mutations

• What is recombination?

–Answer New combination of genes in population

• How is variation also introduced in eukaryotes?

–Answer Sex accomplishes reproduc- tion and recombinations

• What are 3 ways eukaryotes accomplish reproduction and recombination?-

–Answer -Random assortment of chromosomes during meosis -Random gamete fusion -Random mate choice

• What is vertical gene transfer?

–Answer DNA inherited from parental organism

• Bacteria goes through gene transfer during reproduction

–Answer vertical

• Does vertical gene transfer allow for bacterial gene variability?

–Answer No

• What is binary fission also known as? 1 / 4

2 / 56

–Answer Cloning (no variability)

• What is horizontal gene transfer?

–Answer New gene combination in existing cells

• Horizontal gene transfer takes place when..?

–Answer During recombination through *3 processes*

• What 3 processes accomplish horizontal gene transfer *aka recombina- tion?*

–Answer

• Transformation
• Conjugation (2)
• Transduction (2)
• What 2 "givens" help bacteria maximize genetic variation?

–Answer

• New DNA received will always *replace existing DNA & old DNA is recycled*
• *Plasmids move freely* into both the genome and other plasmids
• How is old DNA recycled?

–Answer ALWAYS recycled and monomers reused; they are broken down into individual nucleotide building blocks to be used again later

• In bacteria, new DNA will always existing DNA

–Answer replace

• Is new bacteria that replaces the old always better?

–Answer YES; increases variabil- ity; they switch the DNA hoping it will be beneficial 2 / 4

3 / 56

• Recombination is more likely with abnormal of plasmid genes

–Answer - excision

• Through what experiment was transformation discovered?

–Answer Griffith experi- ment

• What was the Griffith Experiment?

–Answer

• Dead donor cell's DNA fragments are released into watery medium
• Recipient cell of *same species* absorbs random DNA bits
• Recipient becomes recombiant cell by replacing and recycling of homologous DNA
• In Transformation, the donor cell is...?

–Answer Dead

• In Transformation, the recipient cell is and *unless*

?–Answer the recipient cell is COMPETENT and SAME SPECIES; unless PLAS- MID

• In tranformation, what genes are gained by which cells?

–Answer Random genes are passed by donor cell when it bursts open (genes or plasmids)

• What is bacterial conjugation?

–Answer Exchange of genetic information between two bacteria

• What are 2 types of bacterial conjugation?

–Answer

• Bacterial conjugation 3 / 4

4 / 56

• Hfr conjugation
• In bacterical conjugation, the donor cell must be??

–Answer F+; meaning it has an F plasmid -able to make sex pilli -able to be left unchanged

• In bacterial conjugation, the recipient cell is must be?

–Answer F-; meaning it does not have an F plasmid -Same or different species

• How does bacterial conjugation take place?

–Answer

• Copy of F plasmid is sent along pili to F- cell
• *O or Orgin starts*
• Recipient becomes F+ (plasmid carrying donor)
• If F plasmid joins R or T plasmid, would this be more beneficial to recipi- ent?

–Answer Yes

• What does Hfr conjugation stand for?

–Answer High frequency recombination

• In Hfr conjugation, the donor cell must be?

–Answer F+ AND Hfr

• In Hfr conjugation, the recipient cell must be?

–Answer F-

• / 4