1. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

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BIOS 242 Week 1

• Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

–Answer father of microbiology

• Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

–Answer he began making and using simple microscopes, and often made a new microscope for each specimen

• bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and small multicellular animals

–Answer - Leeuwenhoek's microorganism classifications

• bacteria and archaea

–Answer unicellular and lack nuclei, much smaller than eukaryotes, found everywhere there is sufficient moisture, reproduce asexually

• bacteria

–Answer peptidoglycan

• fungi

–Answer eukaryotic (have membrane-bound nucleus), obtain food from other organ- isms, and possess cell walls

• two categories of fungi

–Answer molds and yeasts

• molds

–Answer multicellular; grow a long filaments; reproduce by sexual and asexual spores 1 / 3

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• yeasts

–Answer unicellular; reproduce asexually by budding; some produce sexual spores

• protozoa

–Answer single celled eukaryotes, similar to animals in nutrient needs and cellular structures, live freely in water, asexual, most are capable of locomotion

• pseudopods

–Answer cell extensions that flow in direction of travel

• cilia

–Answer numerous short protrusions that propel organisms through its environment

• flagella

–Answer extensions of a cell that are fewer, longer, and more whiplike than cilia

• algae

–Answer can be unicellular or multicellular, photosynthetic, simple reproductive structures, and categorized based on pigmentation and composition of cell wall

• Aristotle

–Answer who first proposed spontaneous generation

• spontaneous generation

–Answer living things can arise from nonliving matter

• Redi's experiments

–Answer -When decaying meat was kept isolated from flies, mag- gots never developed -Meat exposed to flies was soon infested 2 / 3

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-As a result, scientists began to doubt Aristotle's theory

• Needham's experiments

–Answer -Scientists agreed that large animals could not arise spontaneously, but believed microbes could.-Needham's experiments with beef gravy and infusions of plant material reinforced this idea

• Figured the microbes needed food to eat in order to grow

–Answer Why did Needham use plant material?

• Spallanzani's Experiments

–Answer -Contradicted Needham -Concluded that –Answer Needham failed to heat vials sufficiently enough to kill all microbes, microbes can exist in air (thus contaminating) -Did not believe in spontaneous generation

• Boiled the meat that way if there was any microorganisms they would be killed with the

heat –Answer Why did Needham use gravy?

• Pasteur's experiments

–Answer -Performed experiments with "swan-necked" flasks -When the flasks remained upright, no microbial growth appeared -When the flask was tilted, dust from the bend in the neck seeped back in to the flask and made the infusion cloudy with microbes

• Pasteur's experiments

–Answer

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