2024 CTR Exam Study Guide 2 Study Guide With 100% Verified Answers
- Cytoplasm
Answer: is a clear, thick gel containing carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and other chemicals that surrounds the nucleus in a cell.
- Homeostasis
Answer: is the condition where internal and external environments remain constant and in balance Ce
- The Four Phases of Mitosis are?
Answer: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
- Morphology
Answer: is the description of the form and structure of tissues on the body
- Hypertrophy
Answer: is an increase in the size of a tissue
- Atrophy
Answer: is a decrease in the size of a tissue
- epithelial tissue
Answer: A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out
- connective tissue
Answer: is the most abundant and most widely distributed of all tissues
- Three Elements of Connective Tissue are?
Answer: cells, ground substance, also called matrix, fibers
- Meninges
Answer: three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
- dura mater
Answer: is a thick, tough membrane lining the skull
- / 3
- pia mater
Answer: is the thin innermost layer that is in contact with the brain
- arachoid mater
Answer: middle meningeal layer
- metastasis
Answer: is the formation of new foci of disease in a distant part of the body
- Three types of metastasis are?
Answer: synchronous, metachronous and precocious
- Synchronous
Answer: diagnosed at the same time as the primary site
- Metachronous
Answer: diagnosed after the primary site had been diagnosed and treat- ed
- Precocious
Answer: diagnosed with an unknown primary site, first indication of cancer in a
patient
- Carcinomas
Answer: a malignant neoplasm that occurs in epithelial tissue
- Adenocarcinomas
Answer: are carcinomas that are predominantly glandular or ductal
- squamous cell carcinomas
Answer: are carcinomas that arise from stratified squamous epithelium
- Transitional cell carcinomas
Answer: are carcinomas with mixed glandular and squamous
- Sarcomas
Answer: are malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin, embryonic connective tissue
- neuroendocrine tumors
Answer: are from cells that originate in the neural crest.
- / 3
- Adenomas
Answer: benign pituitary tumors
- islet cells tumors
Answer: pancreas
- Carcinogensis/Oncogenesis
Answer: The process of the formation and development of cancer.
- Breast Cancer Proto-Oncogenes
Answer: HER2, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, EGFR, p53
29. HER2
Answer: is a cancer related protein. Over-expression of this protein is associated with a poor prognosis. It is also used to identify those who may receive a targeted therapy
- Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, EGFR
Answer: is associated with large tumors. Patients with large amounts of EGFR have a less favorable prognosis than those with small amounts of this receptor
- p53
Answer: is the most common genetic change. It is a tumor suppressor gene. In
breast cancer, the p53 mutation is associated with a more aggressive disease and poorer survival rates
- Genes associated with a risk of cancer
Answer: BRCA1 and BRCA2 are two genes that predispose a person to breast
cancer and may play a role in some ovarian cancers
- Angiogenesis
Answer: occurs when there is a need for new blood vessels to support the growth of the tumor
- Angiogenesis inhibitors
Answer: block development of new blood vessels to cut of the tumor's supply of
oxygen and nutrients, therefore, limit or destroy the tumor's continued growth and spread to other parts of the body
- Epidemiology
- / 3
Answer: is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease in a population