2024 NSG 221 Exam With 70 Questions & Correct Answers
Epidemiology - ANSWER-is the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in human populations and is the principal science of public health.
Web of Causation Model - ANSWER-illustrates the complexity of relationships among causal variables for heart disease.
Descriptive epidemiology - ANSWER-is the study of the amount and distribution of disease.
Analytic epidemiology - ANSWER-investigates the causes of disease, or etiology
Rates - ANSWER-are arithmetic expressions that help practitioners consider a count of an event relative to the size of the population from which it is extracted.They are population proportions or fractions in which the numerator is the number of events occurring in a specified period. The denominator consists of those in the population at the specified time period. This proportion is multiplied by a constant (k) that is a multiple of 10. The constant usually converts the resultant number to a whole number
Incidence rates - ANSWER-describe the occurrence of new cases of a disease or condition in a community over a given period relative to the size of the population at risk for that disease or condition during that same period. The denominator consists of only those at risk for the disease or condition; therefore, known cases or those not susceptible are subtracted from the total population. Incidence rates are useful for detecting short-term changes in acute disease in which the duration of the disease is typically short. Incidence rate = number of new cases or events 1 / 2
occurring in the population in a specified period divided by the population at risk during same specified period multiplied by "k."
A prevalence rate - ANSWER-is the number of all cases of a specific disease or condition in a population at a given point in time relative to the population at the same point in time. Prevalence rate = number of existing cases in population at a specified point in time divided by the population at same specified point in time multiplied by "k."
Screening programs - ANSWER-are conducted by community health nurses. They may perform physical examinations, promote client self-examination, conduct screening programs in schools, clinicals, or community settings. Guidelines for screening programs include screening for conditions in which early detection and treatment can improve disease outcome and quality of life; screening populations that have risk factors or are more susceptible to the disease; select a screening method that is simple, safe, inexpensive to administer, acceptable to clients, and has acceptable sensitivity and specificity; plan for the timely referral and follow-up of clients with positive results; identify referral resources that are appropriate, cost effective, and convenient for clients.
Surveillance - ANSWER-is a mechanism for the ongoing collection of community health information. Monitoring for changes in disease frequency is essential to effective and responsive public health programs. Identifying trends in disease incidence or identifying risk factor status by location and population subgroup over time allows the community health nurse to evaluate the effectiveness of existing programs and to implement interventions targeted to high-risk groups
The agent, host, and environment - ANSWER-are what are analyzed by the epidemiologist and is referred to as the epidemiological triangle. The development of disease depends on the extent of the host's exposure to an agent, the strength or virulence of the agent, and the host's genetic or immunological susceptibility.Disease also depends on the environmental conditions existing at the time of exposure, which include the biological, social, political, and physical
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