2024 VTNE Pharmacology Exam ( Version 5 ) New Full Exam Questions and Answers ( Included ) 100% Correct
- All drugs need to be stored and handled so that they are safe for the patient, client, and
veterinary staff. When handling drugs that are concidered cytotoxic or hazardous, personal protective apparel (PPA) should be worn. With which of the following drugs is it imperative to pay special attention to safe handling?-Ascorbic Acid -Metoclopramide -Sucralfate -Vincristine -Metronidazole Answer: Vincristine is a chemotheraputic agent and PPA including gloves, gowns, and a face shield should be worn when using this drug. Ascorbic acid is Vitamin C and probably poses minimal risk when handling. Metronidazole and sucralfate are not hazardous via handling.
- An 11-year old male German shepherd dog with previously diagnosed dilated
cardiomyopathy (DCM) presents to your clinic following a dog fight. The dog is significantly aggressive and resistant to handling. What medication should NOT be used to sedate this patient?
-Dexmedetomidine -Atropine -Midazolam -Butorphanol -Buprenorphine Answer: Dexmedetomidine should only be used in patients with normal cardiac function as it can cause a significant reduction in cardiac output due to reduced heart rate. It should be avoided whenever possible in patients that have compromised cardiac function. Butorphanol and buprenorphine would be better options for sedation as these drugs would not have as much effect on cardiac output and would provide some pain relief. Midazolam can be used to sedate the patient via IM administration and, although it would not provide any pain control, it would allow for safer handling of the patient. Atropine is not a sedative, but an anticholinergic used most commonly to increase heart rate.
- A Golden retriever ingests several tablespoons of antifreeze. This will cause the most damage
to what organ system?
-Cardiac -Renal -Hepatic -Gastrointestinal 1 / 4
-Nervous
Answer: Renal
Ethylene glycol (EG), the primary ingredient in antifreeze, causes damage to the renal system (kidneys). EG causes damage to the renal tubular epithelium, causing build up of oxalate crystals in the renal tubules and metabolic acidosis.
- Which is safe to put in the ears if the tympanum may be ruptured?
-Chlorhexidine -Gentamicin -Neomycin -0.9% NaCl
Answer: Saline (0.9% sodium chloride) is considered safe.
The others listed (especially aminoglycoside antibiotics) could potentially be ototoxic if the eardrum is not intact.
- Which of the following medications is commonly found over-the-counter (OTC)?
-Diphenhydramine -Pimobendan -Hydrocodone -Doxycycline
Answer: Diphenhydramine
The other name for diphenhydramine is Benadryl and can be found over-the-counter.
Hydrocodone is commonly used as a cough suppressant in veterinary medicine and is a controlled substance requiring a prescription.
Doxycycline (an antibiotic) and Pimobendan (a heart medication) are by prescription only.
- How many milliliters of 50% dextrose should be added to a 100 ml solution of Lactated
Ringer's Solution to make it 2.5%?
0.5 ml 5 ml 10 ml 1 ml 50 ml Answer: To answer this question, the following formula should be implemented:
C(1)V(1) = C(2)V(2)
C is the concentration V is the volume 2 / 4
C(1) =0.5 V(1) = x C(2) = 0.025 V(2) = 100 ml
0.5x = 0.025(100)
x = 5 ml
- ml of 50% dextrose should be added to 100 ml in order to make a 2.5% solution.
- How many milliliters should be administered to a 100-kg patient that needs 50 mg of a
2.5% solution?
25 ml 125 ml
- ml
2.5 ml Answer: Percent is equal to weight (in Grams) / 100 parts volume (in mLs) (This is based on
water since 1 mL weighs 1 Gram):
Example: A 3% solution: 3 Grams / 100 mL or 3000 mg / 100 mL or 30 mg/mL
The easiest way to remember is to just add a zero onto any percentage for the milligrams (i.e.2% solution = 20 mg/ml; 10% solution = 100 mg/ml, etc.)
In this situation a 2.5% solution is equivalent to 25 mg/ml. Therefore:
50 mg / (25 mg/ml) = 2 ml
- A drug that is a cholinergic agent will have which of the following effects?
-Dilate the pupil -Slow the heart rate -Cause central nervous system depression -Decrease salivation -Decrease intestinal motility
Answer: Slow the heart rate
Cholinergic agents are drugs that mimic the effects of acetylcholine within the autonomic nervous system. These drugs stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system. They promote salivation, lacrimation, urination, and defecation (sometimes abbreviated SLUD or referred to as "rest and digest" functions). They can cause pupil constriction or decreased heart rate. A commonly used cholinergic drug is bethanechol which is structurally similar to acetylcholine but resists degradation. It is used to treat gastric atony or urinary retention in the bladder. 3 / 4
- A patient is hospitalized with a resistant infection and is getting Amikacin injections and IV
fluid therapy. Amikacin can cause kidney damage. What could you do to monitor for early renal side effects?-Check a daily urine protein
-Monitor urine output
-Renal ultrasound daily
-Check the urine specific gravity twice daily
Answer: Check a daily urine protein.
Proteinuria can be one of the first things seen if there is damage to the kidneys. Urine output and specific gravity would not be reliable indicators since this patient is on IV fluids.Ultrasound would not be helpful picking up early kidney damage since this occurs at a microscopic level in the renal tubules. Kidney changes can be seen with ultrasound only if gross disease is present in the renal architecture. BUN and creatinine levels can be helpful, however, remember that usually these values do not become elevated until more than 70% of the renal function has been compromised.
- What quantity of drug is found in 200 mLs of a 10% solution?
20 milligrams
20 grams
2,000 milligrams
2,000 grams
Answer: 20 grams.
A 10% solution is equal to 100 mg/mL. The easiest way to remember this conversion is to add a zero to the percentage. (10%= 100 mg/mL, 15% = 150 mg/mL, etc.)
If 1 mL is equal to 100 mg, then to find out the quantity of drug in 200 mLs, multiply 100 mg X 200 = 20,000 mg. There are 20,000 mg in 200 mLs of a 10% solution.But none of the choices are 20,000 mg. We need to go one step further and determine how many grams this is.
- gram is equal to 1,000 mg. We need to divide the milligrams by 1,000. So, 20,000mg / 1,000
= 20 grams.
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