2025 HMX IMMUNOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 168

2025 HMX IMMUNOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE/ 168

QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS/HMX

IMMUNOLOGY EXAM 2024 -2025

1. Tissue resident sentinel cells include (3 types) ANS:->>>answer-

Dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells

• Circulating leukocytes involved in innate response (2 types) ANS:->>>answer-

Monocytes and neutrophils

• Phagocytic immune cells (2 types) ANS:->>>answer-Macrophages and neutrophils
• Difference between macrophages and neutrophils? ANS:->>>answer-Neutrophils are short

lived and will undergo apoptosis after eating a microbe; macrophages are longer-lived and will eat apoptotic cells and waste

• General cytokine role in innate immune response (and what cells release them?) ANS:-

>>>answer-Released by dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells. Pro- inflamma- tory molecules that interact with blood vessel endothelium to recruit circulating leukocytes, fluid, and proteins into tissue

• Which tissue-resident sentinel cell will release histamine upon activa- tion?

ANS:->>>Mast cell

• Cytokines promote up-regulation of what kind of molecule within blood vessel

walls? ANS:->>>answer- Adhesion molecules

8. E-Selectin ANS:->>> 1 / 3

answer- An adhesion molecule that helps to slow down circulating leuko- cytes in innate immune response (low-affinity interaction)

9. E-Selectin Ligand ANS:->>>

answer-A ligand expressed by circulating leukocytes that helps them stick to blood vessel endothelium in innate immune response

• ICAM-1 ANS:->>>An adhesion molecule that helps circulating leukocytes bind to blood

vessel endothelium in innate immune response (high-affinity interaction)

• Integrins (and the name of a specific one) ANS:->>>A class of adhesion molecules

expressed on circulating leukocytes; LFA-1 binds to ICAM-1 in a high affinity interaction during the innate inflammatory response

• Stable Arrest ANS:->>>When a circulating leukocyte comes to a stop within the en-

dothelium thanks to adhesion molecule interactions and can enter the tissue

• Pus ANS:->>>Comprised of fluid and apoptotic cells/waste as a result of an

inflamma- tory response (DNA, dead bacteria, apoptotic neutrophils)

• Psoriasis overview ANS:->>>Autoimmune disease that can cause skin plaques and

arthritis; Skin plaques are caused by immune cells migrating into the skin and initiating an inflammatory response

• Psoriasis risk factors ANS:->>>History of strep infections, skin injury, first

degree relative with psoriasis

• TNF-alpha in psoriasis ANS:->>>A pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed in psoriasis that

recruits immune cells into the skin and also acts directly on epithelial cells to produce 2 / 3

thickened/raised patches

• Psoriasis treatment (biologics) ANS:->>>Target the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-

alpha and therefore prevent the expression of adhesion molecules on en- dothelial cells and prevent TNF-alpha from acting directly on epithelial cells

• Possible side effects of medications that block adhesion molecules ANS:->>>

Sus- ceptibility to infection due to inhibiting leukocyte entry into tissue

19. Most abundant leukocyte ANS:->>>Neutrophils

• What kind of infections are neutrophils particularly effective against? ANS:->>>-

Extracellular bacterial infections

• Plasmacytoid dendritic cell ANS:->>>A type of sentinel cell that detects viruses and releases

type 1 interferons

• Type 1 Interferons (Type 1 IFNs) function and the cell that is most efficient at producing

them ANS:->>>Group of cytokines that activate the antiviral state during viral infection; Plasmacytoid dendritic cells

• The Antiviral State ANS:->>>Protective state that cells enter in response to Type I

Interferons; proteins that can bind to viral double-stranded RNA are produced, infected cells will die, RNAse activity is induced

• Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) ANS:->>>Molecules that are

commonly expressed on pathogens but not vertebrate cells, help distinguish self from non-self; can be on cell surface or released from cells

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