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BIOD 171 Module 2 Exam with accurate and verified questions covering the structure and function of cells, cellular transport, metabolism, and an introduction to tissues and organ systems in human biology.
What are the byproducts of light reactions used for in dark reactions? - ANSWER-The ATP and NADPH produced via light reactions are used in dark reactions to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic carbon compounds as well as useful carbohydrates (a process called carbon fixation)
What is the chemical reaction for the Calvin cycle? - ANSWER-
- CO2 + 18 ATP + 12 NADPH + 12 H2O --> C6H12O6 + 18
ADP + 12 NADP+
What determines the specificity of an enzyme? - ANSWER-The specificity of an enzyme is heavily influenced by its active site - a unique chemical structure bound only by select target molecules. The structure is influenced by the amino acid composition of the protein as this in turn influences the fold, shape, and 'appearance' of the enzyme. The active site (and its target protein) can be thought of as a lock-and-key relationship.The active site provides specificity (like a lock) that only 1 / 3
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specific target proteins can bind - much like how only a specific key will fit into, unlock, and 'activate' a lock
Do catabolic reactions release or consume energy? - ANSWER- Release
Do anabolic pathways release or consume energy? - ANSWER- Consume
Do catabolic pathways rely on oxidized cofactors (like NAD+) to oxidize intermediates, or do they rely on reduced cofactors (like NADPH) to reduce intermediates? - ANSWER-They rely on oxidized cofactors (like NAD+) to oxidize intermediates
Do anabolic pathways rely on oxidized cofactors (like NAD+) to oxidize intermediates, or do they rely on reduced cofactors (like NADPH) to reduce intermediates? - ANSWER-They rely on reduced cofactors (like NADPH) to reduce intermediates
Is cellular respiration catabolic or anabolic? - ANSWER- Catabolic
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Is lipid biosynthesis catabolic or anabolic? - ANSWER- Anabolic
Cofactors - ANSWER--Metal ions that activate or enhance enzyme activity (like Ca2+ or Zn2+) -Regulate enzymes
Substrate - ANSWER-Target of enzyme action
Specificity - ANSWER-Selectiveness of an enzyme for a specific substrate
What affects the rare of reaction and degree of reactivity? - ANSWER-Enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, temperature, pH
Protease - ANSWER-Enzyme that breaks down proteins
Lipase - ANSWER-Enzyme that breaks down lipids
Amylase - ANSWER-Enzyme that breaks down starch
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