ADVANCED PATHO NURS 5315 EXAM 1|
QUESTIONS WITH VERIF IED ANSWERS
Question :The movement of fluid across the arterial end of
capillary membranes into the interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary is an example of which fluid movement process?
- Hydrostatic pressure
- Osmosis
- Diffusion
- Active transport
Correct answer:ANS: A Hydrostatic pressure is the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes. In the vascular system, hydrostatic pressure is the blood pressure generated in vessels by the contraction of the heart. Blood reaching the capillary bed has a hydrostatic pressure of 25 to 30 mm Hg, which is sufficient force to push water across the thin capillary membranes into the interstitial space. The remaining options do not correctly identify the process described.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 29-30 22.
Question :E. Cells decrease in size
- Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and
degradation. Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload,
pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Correct answer:Atrophy
Question :E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after
damage or partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused
by increased hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of
hepatocytes. uterine or mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
Correct answer:Hyperplasia
Question :E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in
size, shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
- caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered
cell growth. aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows
up on pap smear, breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Correct answer:Dysplasia
Question :E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic
stressors, injury, or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth factors Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.;
Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to
columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia
Correct answer:Metaplasia
Question :E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
- decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production
of ATP increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Correct answer:Hypoxia injury
Question :E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will
overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
- lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Correct answer:Free radical and ROS
Question :E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver
and nutritional status
- metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
Correct answer:Ethanol
Question :Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ
increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections