ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1,2,34

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1 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1,2,3&4

QUESTIONS AND WELL ELABORATED ANSWERS

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ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3

• Insulin transports which electrolyte in the cell?
• Potassium
• Sodium
• Calcium
• Phosphorus - ANSWER>>Potassium. Insulin facilitates the intracellular transport of

potassium, phosphate, and magnesium.

• Which second messenger is stimulated by epinephrine binding to a β-adrenergic receptor?
• Calcium
• Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
• Diacylglycerol (DAG)
• Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) - ANSWER>>Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

(cAMP). Second-messenger molecules are the initial link between the first signal (hormone) and the inside of the cell. For example, the binding of epinephrine to a β adrenergic-receptor subtype activates (through a stimulatory G protein) the enzyme, adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl 1 / 4

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2 cyclase catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the second messenger, 3', and 5'-cAMP.

• Regulation of the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla is an example of which

type of regulation?

• Negative feedback
• Neural
• Positive feedback
• Physiologic - ANSWER>>Neural. The release of hormones occurs either in response to an

alteration in the cellular environment or in the process of maintaining a regulated level of certain hormones or certain substances. Several different mechanisms, one of which is neural control (e.g., stress-induced release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla), regulate the release of hormones.

• Which hormone does the second messenger calcium (Ca++) bind to activate phospholipase C

through a G protein?

• Angiotensin II
• Estrogen
• Thyroxine
• Testosterone - ANSWER>>Angiotensin II. Ca++ is considered an important second messenger

that facilitates the binding of a hormone (e.g., norepinephrine, angiotensin II) to a surface 2 / 4

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3 receptor, activating the enzyme phospholipase C through a G protein inside the plasma membrane.

1. The control of calcium in cells is important because it:

• Is controlled by the calcium negative-feedback loop.
• Is continuously synthesized.
• Acts as a second messenger.
• Carries lipid-soluble hormones in the bloodstream. - ANSWER>>Acts as a second messenger.

In addition to being an important ion that participates in a multitude of cellular actions, Ca++ is considered an important second messenger.

• Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) synthesized, and where does it act?
• Hypothalamus; renal tubular cells
• Anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary
• Renal tubules; renal collecting ducts
• Posterior pituitary; loop of Henle - ANSWER>>Hypothalamus; renal tubular cells. Once

synthesized in the hypothalamus, ADH acts on the vasopressin 2 (V2) receptors of the renal duct cells to increase their permeability.

• How does a faulty negative-feedback mechanism result in a hormonal imbalance?
• Hormones are not synthesized in response to cellular and tissue activities. 3 / 4

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4

• Decreased hormonal secretion is a response to rising hormone levels.
• Too little hormone production is initiated.
• Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn off the system. -

ANSWER>>Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn off the system.Negative- feedback systems are important in maintaining hormones within physiologic ranges.The lack of negative-feedback inhibition on hormonal release often results in pathologic conditions. Excessive hormone production, which is the result of the failure to turn off the system, can cause various hormonal imbalances and related conditions.

• A deficiency of which chemical may result in hypothyroidism?
• Iron
• Zinc
• Iodine
• Magnesium - ANSWER>>Iodine. The only cause of hypothyroidism from among the provided

options is a deficiency of endemic iodine.

• What are clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism?
• Intolerance to heat, tachycardia, and weight loss
• Oligomenorrhea, fatigue, and warm skin
• Restlessness, increased appetite, and metrorrhagia
• Constipation, decreased heart rate, and lethargy - ANSWER>>The lower levels of thyroid

hormone result in decreased energy metabolism, resulting in constipation, bradycardia, and lethargy, thus eliminating the remaining options.

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