ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM

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ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM

NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 100

QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS

(VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED

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What effect do androgens have on lymphocytes?

• Suppression of B-cell responses and enhancement of T-cell

responses

• Suppression of T-cell responses and enhancement of B-cell

responses

• Suppression of B- and T-cell responses
• Enhancement of B- and T-cell responses - CORRECT

ANSWER-C. Androgens suppress T- and B-cell responses.Androgens do not enhance either B- or T-cell responses

Which statement is true concerning the differences between stress-induced hormonal alterations of men and women? a. After injury, women produce more proinflammatory cytokines than men, a profile that is associated with poor outcomes.

• Androgens appear to induce a greater degree of immune cell

apoptosis after injury, creating greater immunosuppression in injured men than in injured women. 1 / 4

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• Psychologic stress associated with some types of competition

decreases both testosterone and cortisol, especially in athletes older than 45 years of age.

• After stressful stimuli, estrogen is increased in women, but

testosterone is decreased in men. - CORRECT ANSWER -B.Androgens appear to induce a greater degree of immune cell apoptosis after injury, a mechanism that may elicit a greater immunosuppression in injured men vs. injured women. Men produce more proinflammatory cytokines. Competitive stress increases testosterone and cortisol. Estrogen is not increased in women after stressful stimuli.

A reduction in an individual's number of natural killer (NK) cells appears to correlate with an increased risk for the development of what?

• Depression
• Type 1 diabetes
• Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
• Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD) - CORRECT

ANSWER-A. A meta-analysis of studies shows a relationship between depression and the reduction in lymphocyte proliferation and natural killer cell activity. Currently, no research supports correlations between the number of NK cells and type 1 diabetes, OCD, or GERD.

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Which cancer originates from connective tissue?

• Osteogenic sarcoma
• Basal cell carcinoma
• Multiple myeloma
• Adenocarcinoma - CORRECT ANSWER -A. Cancers arising

from connective tissue usually have the suffix -sarcoma.Carcinomas arise in epithelial tissue. Myeloma arises in the bone marrow.

Carcinoma refers to abnormal cell proliferation originating from which tissue origin?

• Blood vessels
• Epithelial cells
• Connective tissue
• Glandular tissue - CORRECT ANSWER -B. Only cancers

arising from epithelial cells are called carcinomas. Connective tissue cancers are called sarcomas. Glandular tissue cancers are named adenocarcinomas. Malignant cancers can invade blood vessels.

Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes?

• Cells have broken through the local basement membrane.
• Cells have invaded immediate surrounding tissue. 3 / 4

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• Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells.
• Cellular and tissue alterations indicate dysplasia. - CORRECT

ANSWER-C. Carcinoma in situ (CIS) refers to preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin. These early stage cancers are localized to the epithelium and have not broken through the local basement membrane or invaded the surrounding tissue. Dysplasia refers to changes in mature cell structure.

Which term is used to describe a cell showing a loss of cellular differentiation?

• Dysplasia
• Hyperplasia
• Metaplasia
• Anaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -D Anaplasia is defined as

the loss of cellular differentiation, irregularities of the size and shape of the nucleus, and the loss of normal tissue structure. In clinical specimens, anaplasia is recognized by a loss of organization and a significant increase in nuclear size with evidence of ongoing proliferation. Dysplasia is the presence of an abnormal cell type within a tissue and often is called "precancerous." Hyperplasia is an enlargement of an organ or tissue due to increased production of its cells, also often considered precancerous. Metaplasia is an abnormal change in the characteristics of a tissue.

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