Advanced Pathophysiology Nurs611

Advanced Pathophysiology Nurs611

EXAM I

• How is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia? - ANSWER - Insulin

transports potassium from the blood to the cell along with glucose. Insulin contributes to the regulation of plasma potassium levels by stimulating the Na+, K+- ATPase pump, thereby promoting the movement of potassium into liver and muscle cells simultaneously with glucose transport after eating. The intracellular movement of potassium prevents an acute hyperkalemia related to food intake. Insulin also can be used to treat hyperkalemia.(McCance & Huether, 2014, p. 119)

• Hyperaldosteronism causes which fluid and electrolyte imbalances? - ANSWER -

Hypokalemia, hypernatremia, and fluid volume excess.Hyperaldosteronism promotes (1) increased renal sodium and water reabsorption with corresponding hypervolemia and hypertension and (2) renal excretion of potassium.(McCance & Huether, 2014, p. 755)

• What mechanisms cause hypernatremia? - ANSWER - • Inadequate

intake of free water associated with total body sodium depletion.• Excessive losses of water from the urinary tract that leads to a combination of sodium and free water losses.• Water losses associated with extreme sweating.• Severe watery diarrhea • Excessive excretion of water from the kidneys or impaired responsiveness of the kidneys to vasopressin.

• Excessive hypertonic salt solutions
• Intravenous hypertonic sodium
• Saline - induced abortions
• Selected infant formulas
• Hyperaldosteronism
• Cushing Syndrome

(McCance & Huether, 2014, Table 3-7, p. 111) 1 / 2

• Which buffers work the fastest (in minutes to hours)? - ANSWER -

Bicarbonate/Carbonic acid (HCO3/H2CO3) (McCance & Huether, 2014, Table 3-11, p. 123)

• Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of thirst are stimulated by a(n)

what? - ANSWER - Increase in plasma osmolality.Feedback mechanism and baroreceptors (McCance & Huether, 2014, p. 109)

• Excessive use of magnesium- and aluminum-containing antacids can result in what? -

ANSWER - Metabolic alkalosis (McCance & Huether, 2014, p. 122)

• Which are indications of dehydration? - ANSWER - Marked water

deficit is manifested by symptoms of dehydration: headache, thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes, elevated temperature, weight loss, and decreased or concentrated urine (with the exception of diabetes insipidus). Skin turgor may be normal or decreased. Symptoms of hypovolemia, including tachycardia, weak pulses, and postural hypotension, may be present.(McCance & Huether, 2014, p. 112)

• Removal of part of the liver leads to what change in the remaining liver cells? - ANSWER
• Compensatory hyperplasia

(McCance & Huether, 2014, p. 52)

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