ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY REAL EXAM 60
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS |RATED A+|
What is a protective and complex phenomenon composed of sensory experiences (time, space, intensity), emotion, cognition, and motivation? - ---CORRECT ANSWER --- Pain
Portion of the nervous system responsible for sensation and perception of pain can be divided into 3 areas: - ---CORRECT ANSWER --- A: Afferent pathways B interpretive centers in the brainstem, midbrain & diencephalon C: descending pathways from the brain to the dorsal horn of spinal cord.
Nociceptors are pain receptors that detect a wide range of stimuli and respond to: - --- CORRECT ANSWER --- Chemical, mechanical, and thermal stimulation
The afferent system is: - ---CORRECT ANSWER --- Composed of nociceptors the dorsal horn of the spinal column (second-order neurons) and afferent neurons in the Aδ and C fibers (first-order neurons);spinothalamic tract (third-order neurons).
Myelinated Aδ receptor transmission is - ---CORRECT ANSWER --- Fast and conveys mechanical and thermal localized pain.
Unmyelinated polymodal C fiber transmission is: - ---CORRECT ANSWER --- Slower
and conveys sharp, diffuse burning and aching sensations
These primary-order neurons terminate on second-order neurons. - ---CORRECT
ANSWER---
Three classes of second-order neurons modulate pain transmission: - ---CORRECT
ANSWER--- projection cells, excitatory interneurons and inhibitory interneurons.
The second-order neurons are located: - ---CORRECT ANSWER --- in the spinal cord laminae
The second-order neurons function as - ---CORRECT ANSWER --- a pain gate to regulate pain transmission.
Second-order neurons cross over the cord and ascend primarily in - ---CORRECT ANSWER--- the lateral the spinothalamic tract to projection centers including the thalamus reticular formation, and PAG matter.
- / 2
Third-order neurons carry information to the - ---CORRECT ANSWER --- sensory cortex and reticular and limbic systems for pain processing and interpretation.
Efferent pathways from the PAG are responsible for modulation or inhibition of afferent pain signals. - ---CORRECT ANSWER ---
The thalamus cortex, and postcentral gyrus perceive, describe, and localize: - --- CORRECT ANSWER--- Pain
The reticular formation and limbic system control the - ---CORRECT ANSWER --- emotional and affective response to pain.
Pain threshold is the point at which pain is perceived. Pain threshold does not vary significantly among people or within the same person over time. - ---CORRECT
ANSWER---
Pain tolerance is the duration of time or the intensity of pain that an individual will ensure before initiating overt pain response. - ---CORRECT ANSWER ---
Tolerance varies widely among individuals and in the same individual over time and in the same individual over time. - ---CORRECT ANSWER ---
Descending inhibitory or facilitatory pathways facilitate pain. - ---CORRECT ANSWER ---
Segmental inhibition is the peripheral stimulation of nociceptors by touch nuclei, and neurotransmitter inhibit or vibration or pressure resulting in closure of the spinal cord pain gate. - ---CORRECT ANSWER ---
The higher brain centers also can - ---CORRECT ANSWER--- influence painful stimuli (heterosegmental control of nociception) as well as inhibition from the caudal medulla (diffuse noxious inhibitory controls).
Thus pain can be modulated with: - ---CORRECT ANSWER --- Stimulation from the
periphery or by descending impulses from the brain
Cognitive expectation can attenuate or intensify pain and this is known as the: - --- CORRECT ANSWER --- Placebo and nocebo effects.
Pain neurotransmitters can be classified as inflammatory excitatory, and inhibitory modulators of pain. - ---CORRECT ANSWER ---
Inflammatory neurotransmitters are usually excitatory. Gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine are inhibitors of pain. - ---CORRECT ANSWER ---
- / 2