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ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UTMB 5355 EXAM 3
NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL EXAM| COMPLETE 150 REAL
EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED
A+| NEW!!
Functions of estrogen in females - ANSWER - produced mainly in the
ovaries in females): responsible for female secondary sex characteristics
and regulation of menstrual cycle/reproductive system
Functions of estrogens in males - ANSWER - estrogen plays a role in growth in pubertal growth, growth plate fusion in bone, and prevention of apoptosis of germ cells.
Functions of Testosterone in females - ANSWER - testosterone plays a role in muscle and bone growth, libido, protein anabolism, activation of sebaceous glands, pubic and axillary hair growth.
Functions of Testosterone in males - ANSWER - produced by the
interstitial cells - (cells of Leydig in males): primary sex hormone
responsible for male secondary sex characteristics; also plays a role in increased bone density, increasing muscle mass and strength and linear growth.
Menstrual cycle hormone changes - ANSWER - 4-week cycle, is a complex series of physiological changes occurring in women. It results in production of an ovum and thickening of the endometrium to allow 1 / 3
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pg. 2 implantation if fertilization should occur. If fertilization doesn't occur, then the lining of the uterus sheds and menstruation occurs.
- phases of ovulation - ANSWER - follicular/proliferative phase and
luteal/secretory phase
early follicular phase - ANSWER - days 1-14, estrogen levels are low and hormones are all low, follicle develops in ovaries, endometrium proliferates
late follicular phase - ANSWER - preovulatory phase, estrogen levels are high, progesterone, FSH/LH all surge increases with small surge before ovulation. ovulation occurs day 14 due to a surge in luteinizing hormone.
ovulatory phase - ANSWER - estrogen dips, progesterone rises, FSH,LH and GnRH peak then fall sharply
luteal/secretory phase - ANSWER - days 15-28, begins after ovulation phase, ends before menstruation. endometrium thickens
early luteal - ANSWER - estrogen and progesterone are high, progesterone dominates FSH, LH gradually decline as endometrium is ready for implantation
Late luteal phase - ANSWER - Estrogen and progesterone fall when corpus luteum dies. other hormones rise (menstruation begins) 2 / 3
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pg. 3 menstrual phase - ANSWER - estrogen levels low, small amount of progesterone, all hormones are low, endometrium is shed
HPG axis (hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad) - ANSWER - a sequence of hormone production originating in the hypothalamus and moving to the pituitary and then to the gonads (ovaries/testosterone). regulates development, reproduction, aging, and many other body processes. relies on a number of complex negative feedback loops which when lost, results in disease
LH in males stimulates - ANSWER - testosterone production, LH binds to Leydig cells located in testes
HPG Axis Male - ANSWER - Hypothalamus secretes GRNH then binds with anterior pituitary gland receptors to cause release if LH+FSH.LH+FSH travel to testicles. Coordinates testicular function with sex hormones and inhibin. Inhibin and testosterone when increased cause decrease in LH and FSH resulting in negative feedback loop
Testosterone is produced by - ANSWER - Leydig cells
FSH in males stimulates - ANSWER - spermatogenesis, acts on seminiferous tubules and sertoli cells to produce ABG to keep T in tubules
Androgens - ANSWER - steroid hormones that control the expression and maintenance of male sex charactersitics
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