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Advanced Synopsis of Psychiatry Test Bank All Exams 2023-2024. Questions & Correct Detailed Answers Graded A+
1.10. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is composed of which of the following nucleic acids (nucleotides)?
- Adenine
- Cystosine
- Guanine
- Thymine
- All of the above - ANSWER - E
(DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is made of four nucleic acids, also known as nucleotides: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. A genome is defined as the total complement of DNA replicated in a living organism. A critical milestone was reached in 2001 with the completion of the first draft of the human genome. Currently, there are thousands of genomes sequenced. It is now evident that there are in total about 25,000 protein-coding genes in Homo sapiens.)
1.11. Risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome include
- hyperglycemia
- visceral obesity
- hypertension
- hyperlipidemia
- all of the above - ANSWER - E
(Metabolic syndrome is a disease characterized by a cluster of metabolic risk factors, which include hyperglycemia, visceral obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. Most notably, adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics, such as olanzapine (Zyprexa) and clozapine (Clozaril), include weight gain and hyperglycemia. However, aripiprazol (Abilify) and ziprasidone (Geodon) are atypical antipsychotics that have minimal effects in this regard. Schizophrenia patients may exhibit increased cortisol and epinephrine production even when not medicated; therefore, monitoring protocols for patients on atypical antipsychotics is of utmost importance. Of note, metabolic syndrome also leads to insulin resistance and complicates glycemic control in patients with preexisting diabetes.)
1.12. The neuropsychiatric disorder that has been best characterized in terms of the influence of the
brain on the immune system and vice versa is which one of the following?
- Somatization disorder 1 / 4
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- Hypochrondriasis
- Factitious disorder
- Major depressive disorder
- Depersonalization disorder - ANSWER - D
(The neuropsychiatric disorder that has been best characterized in terms of the influence of the brain on the immune system and vice versa is major depressive disorder. For many years, major depressive disorder was seen as a quintessential example of how stress-related disorders may decrease immunocompetence. More recently, however, it has become evident that stress also activates inflammatory pathways, even while suppressing measures of acquired immunity.)
1.13. Circadian rhythms include
- sleep
- temperature
- hormone levels
- eating
- all of the above - ANSWER - E
(The circadian clock drives many rhythms including behavior, core body temperature, sleep, eating, drinking, and hormonal levels. One such circadian-regulated hormone is the indolamine, melatonin.Melatonin synthesis is controlled through a multisynaptic pathway from the CNS to the pineal gland.Serum levels of melatonin become elevated at night and return to baseline during the day. Light suppresses elevated melatonin levels, immediately decreasing them to baseline levels. Light also shifts the phase of circadian rhythms of melatonin synthesis. Because melatonin can be assayed easily, it provides a convenient window into the state of the circadian pacemaker. Any perturbation of the clock is reflected in the melatonin profile; thus, melatonin offers an output that can be used to study the regulation of the central circadian pacemaker.)
1.14. Research efforts have demonstrated that there are no electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities
associated with the use of which psychopharmacological agent?
- Olanzapine
- Clozapine
- Risperidone
- Pherphenazine
- Quetiapine - ANSWER - E
(Electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities have been reported with the use of clozapine (47 percent), olanzapine (38.5 percent), trifluoperazine and mesoridazine (about 35 percent), risperidone (28 percent), fluphenazine and thiothixene (just above 20 percent), pherphenazine, chlorpromazine and thioridazine (just about 10 percent), and haloperidol (just below 10 percent). There were, however, no abnormalities observed with quetiapine or loxapine. The clinical significance of EEG abnormalities associated with psychopharmacological agents, particularly in the absence of any indications of seizures or encephalopathic effects, remain an open research question.)
1.15. Structural MRI findings associated with schizophrenia include all of the following except
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- reductions in cortical gray matter
- reductions in cortical white matter
- risk genes influencing MRI findings
- progressive deviation of regional cortical volumes in childhood onset cases
- decreased striatum volume - ANSWER - E
(Structural MRI finding associated with schizophrenia do not include decreased striatum volume.Structural MRI has been useful for characterizing features of the heritable risk for schizophrenia. Family members of individuals with schizophrenia show a pattern of reductions in cortical gray and white matter volume that resembles, but is milder than, that associated with schizophrenia. Among healthy individuals and patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, risk genes appear to influence MRI findings.Structural MRI has also provided some insights into the progressive course of this disorder and the impact of antipsychotic treatment. The most striking findings have been in childhood onset schizophrenia, where a series of neuroimaging studies using a variety of MRI approaches have clearly shown that the development and evolution of schizophrenia are associated with a progressive deviation of regional cortical volumes from those of healthy comparison populations.)
1.16. Recent research has provided a basis for clinical indications of PET and SPECT radiotracer imaging
for the diagnosis and management of several neuropsychiatric disorders. Among them, we found all of the following except
- movement disorders
- schizophrenia
- mood disorders
- anxiety disorders
- antisocial personality disorder - ANSWER - E
(Over the past two decades, radio tracer imaging with PET and SPECT have gained merit as tools to image brain functioning and neurochemistry in living humans and have provided the foundation necessary to begin to identify the neurochemical signatures and neuropsychiatric disorders that result from abnormal brain chemistry. Radio tracer imaging can also help to assess the relationship between occupancy of specific various receptors in the brain and clinical efficacies of various psychotropic drugs. For instance, imaging of dopamine Dz receptors provides critical information for the differential diagnosis of movement disorders and schizophrenia, and also for the assessment of receptor occupancy by neuroleptic drugs. Imaging of serotonin receptors and the serotonin transporter is useful in the diagnosis of mood and anxiety disorders, as well as the assessment of antidepressant efficacy. Imaging of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and acetylcholinesterase may serve as markers of cognitive and memory impairment.)
1.17. Populations genetics encompasses all of the following except
- quantitative genetics
- genetic epidemiology
- genetic demography
- molecular genetics
- evolutionary genetics - ANSWER - D
(Population genetics, which deals with the mathematical properties of genetic transmission in families and populations, can be subdivided into the partially overlapping fields of evolutionary genetics, genetic 3 / 4
pg. 4 demography, quantitative genetics, and genetic epidemiology. The primary goal of evolutionary genetics is to understand changes in gene frequency across generations. Genetic demography is primarily concerned with differential mortality and fertility in human populations, while genetic epidemiology deals with the distribution of disease-associated genes across human subpopulations. The goal of quantitative genetics is to partition the observed variation of phenotypes into its genetic and environmental components.)
1.18. The most successful application of gene-mapping strategies relates to which of the following
psychiatric disorders?
- Alzheimer's disease
- Bipolar disorder
- Schizophrenia
- Panic disorder
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder - ANSWER - A
(The most successful application of gene-mapping strategies applies to Alzheimer's disease, which is the most common form of dementia and is characterized by a progressive decline in memory, aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, and diminished excessive functioning. Abnormal deposition of beta-amyloid protein and neurofibrillary tangles are the major pathophysiological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease.Associated genes include autosomal dominant forms of the APOE4 allele on chromosomes 1, 14, 19, and a mutation of the P-App gene (amyloid precursor protein gene) on chromosome 21. Genetic alterations may be responsible for up to 10 percent of cases of early onset forms of the disease, often diagnosed between the ages of 30 to 60 years. Genetic testing for APOE is currently available to assess whether an individual carries such a risk factor, but cannot predict definitive development of the disease.)
1.19. Animal models in psychiatric research have proven to be useful in which one of the following
disorders?
- Anxiety disorders
- Depressive disorders
- Substance abuse disorders
- Eating disorders
- All of the above - ANSWER - E
(Animal models provide insight into biological mechanisms underlying psychiatric disease pathophysiology and treatment. The susceptibility to psychiatric disorders is recognized to result from highly complex interactions between genetic endowment and the cumulative effects of innumerable environmental influences. The elucidation of the human genome provides unprecedented opportunities to understand genetic determinants of behavioral traits and psychiatric disease susceptibility. However, the behavioral impact of genetic manipulations cannot be systematically studied in humans, nor can the effects of many types of environmental stimuli and stressors.)
1.20. Which of the following conditions combines symptoms of pain and psychiatric signs and
symptoms?
- Fibromyalgia
- Migraine
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