AP 2 Digestion Exam Study Guide Questions

A&P 2 Digestion Exam Study Guide Questions with 100% Verified Correct Answers what are the 4 functions of the digestive system? - Correct Answer - ingestion

• digestion
• absorption
• defecation

what 2 things occur during digestion? - Correct Answer - breakdown of food into simple molecules

• extracellular processes

what are the 2 types of extracellular processes? - Correct Answer - mechanical digestion

• chemical digestion

what is involved in mechanical digestion during extracellular processes in digestion? (3) - Correct Answer - physical distortion in inc. surface area for enzyme

• tearing, swirling, biting in mouth
• churning in stomach & small intestine

what is involved in chemical digestion during extracellular processes in digestion? (2) - Correct Answer - release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers, & salts

• hydrolysis rxns break macromolecules into monomers

what occurs during absorption during one of the functions of the digestive system? - Correct Answer

• movement of organic substrates, electrolytes, vitamins, & water into blood/lymph

what is defecation? - Correct Answer - undigested wastes what are the 4 layers of the digestive tract? - Correct Answer - mucosa

• submucosa
• muscularis externa
• serosa 1 / 4

what does the mucosa line? what are the layers of the mucosa? what does the muscularis mucosae do (2)? - Correct Answer - lines the lumen

• epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
• tenses mucosa, making ridges, inc. surface area

what is the submucosa layer made up of & is it thin/thick? what does it contain? - Correct Answer - thick layer of loose connective tissue

• contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerve plexus, & glands

what is the muscularis externa made up of? what does it do? - Correct Answer - 2 or 3 layers of smooth muscle running in different directions

• moves food through GI tract

what is the serosa made up of and where is it in the digestive tract? - Correct Answer - thin layer of connective tissue & epithelium on outside of digestive tract what does the nervous network of the digestive system regulate? (3) - Correct Answer - digestive tract motility

• secretion
• blood flow

what are the 2 plexuses of the nervous network of the digestive system? - Correct Answer - submucosal (meissner) plexus

• myenteric (auerbach) plexus

what does the submucosal (meissner) plexus control? (2) - Correct Answer - movements of muscularis mucosae

• secretions of mucosa

what is the myenteric (auerbach) plexus and where is it? what does it control? what does it regulate?

• Correct Answer - parasympathetic ganglia btwn layers of muscularis externa
• controls muscularis externa contractions
• regulates enzymatic output of accessory organs 2 / 4

what are the 3 serous membranes of the digestive tract? - Correct Answer - mesenteries

• intraperitoneal organ
• retroperitoneal organ

what do mesenteries do? (2) what do they contain? - Correct Answer - loosely suspend GI tract from abdominal wall, provide passage for blood vessels and nerves

• contain lymph nodes & vessels

what do intraperitoneal organs have on both sides? what are the 4 intraperitoneal organs? - Correct Answer - messentery on both sides

• stomach, liver, jejunum, ileum

retroperitoneal organs have what on one side only? what are the 2 retroperitoneal organs? - Correct Answer - messentery on ventral side only

• duodenum, most of pancreas

what is the pathway through the GI tract (4)? - Correct Answer - mouth

• pharynx
• esophagus
• stomach

what does the mouth do? - Correct Answer - begins carbohydrate & lipid digestion what are the 6 parts of the mouth that aid in carbohydrate/lipid digestion? - Correct Answer - teeth

• salivary glands
• saliva
• salivation
• tongue
• palate 3 / 4

what are teeth used in? what are the 3 types of teeth and what do they do? how many teeth do adults have and how many teeth does a young child have? - Correct Answer - used in biting and mastication

• incisors: cutting, canines: tearing, premolars & molars: crushing/grinding
• adult: 32, child: 20

what are 2 types of salivary glands? - Correct Answer - intrinsic salivary glands

• extrinsic salivary glands

what are intrinsic salivary glands? what do they secrete? - Correct Answer - indefinite number of small glands dispersed around mouth

• secrete small, constant amounts of saliva

what do extrinsic salivary glands do? what are the 3 pairs? how much saliva is secreted per day? - Correct Answer - secrete saliva through ducts

• parotid, sublingual, submandibular
• 1-1.5 L saliva per day

what 2 things does saliva contain? what does saliva maintain? what does saliva control & how? - Correct Answer - mucins, salivary amylase

• maintains pH of 6.8-7
• controls oral bacteria (immunoglobin A & lysozymes), prevents buildup of acids produced by

bacteria what do mucins do? how is salivary amylase made? what does it do? - Correct Answer - glycoproteins, lubricates food

• secreted by parotid glands
• begins carbohydrate digestion, breaks long polysaccharides into shorter polysaccharides

how do we salivate (we receive from where for input from)? how do we send signals for salivation?what does saliva do to begin digestion? - Correct Answer - salivary nuclei in medulla & pons receive input from tactile, pressure & taste receptors in mouth

• higher brain centers which convey info ab sight, odor, or thought of food
• salivary nuclei send signals to glands via: facial nerve (VII), glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
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