AP BIOLOGY UNIT 1 TEST QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
protein structure - Answer--a polypeptide chain that has been folded, twisted and coiled into unique shapes -performed as soon as the polypeptide is formed by creating bonds between parts of the chain -the specific structure determines the function primary structure - Answer--unique sequence of amino acids -amino acid sequence determined by gene (DNA) -slight change in amino acid sequence can affect protein's structure and its function secondary structure - Answer--localized folding or pleating of parts of the protein chain -result of H bonds between repeating structures of polypeptide -weak bonds -α helix and β pleated sheets tertiary structure - Answer--whole molecule folding -interactions between distant amino acids -hydrophobic interactions ~cytoplasm is water-based ~nonpolar amino acids cluster away from water -H bonds and ionic bonds -disulfide bridges ~covalent bonds between sulfurs in sulfhydryls (S-H) ~anchors 3D shape quaternary structure - Answer--more than one polypeptide chain bonded together -only then does polypeptide become functional protein -hydrophobic interactions denaturation - Answer--although proteins fold as they are made, under certain conditions, these proteins will not fold properly -can be caused by heat, change in pH, change in solution, or salinity -will be inactive -some proteins will be able to regain their original structure by removing the elements
nucleic acid - Answer--function: genetic material
-stores information; genes, blueprint for building proteins -transfers information; blueprint for new cells and next generation
-monomer: nucleotides
RNA - Answer--nucleic acid 1 / 2
-single helix -controls protein synthesis DNA - Answer--nucleic acid -double helix -controls its own synthesis and protégé's as well as instructions for reproduction from one generation to the next nucleotides - Answer--made up of three parts -nitrogen (C-N ring) -pentose sugar (5C) ~ribose in RNA ~deoxyribose in DNA -phosphate (PO₄) group
-two types: purines and pyrimidines
purines - Answer--double ring N base -adenine (A) and guanine (G) pyrimidines - Answer--single ring N base -cytosine (C), thymine (T), uracil (U) phosphodiester bond - Answer--new base added to sugar of previous base -polymer grows in one direction metabolism - Answer--the totality of an organism's chemical reactions -each reaction will follow a pathway -what manages the material being used and formed and the energy needed for the changes metabolic pathway - Answer--a specific molecule is altered resulting in a product (needs enzymes in order to be changed) isomers - Answer--molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures -different chemical properties -different biological functions structural isomers - Answer--differ in covalent arrangement of atoms geometric isomers - Answer--same covalent relationships by different spatial arrangements enantiomers - Answer--isomers that are mirror images of each other -structural differences create important functional significance functional groups - Answer--substitute other elements for hydrogen
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