BIO 117 Exam 3 Study Guide
Heart:
Blood flow:
Right Atrium-----Tricuspid valve----Right Ventricle-----Pulmonary valve----Pulmonary trunk---- Rt. & Lt Pulmonary Arteries------Rt. & Lt Lungs----Rt. Lt Pulmonary veins---Lt. Atrium----Mitral Valve--- Lt. Ventricle---Aortic Valve---Aorta---Systemic Circulation
Cardiac Output: Amount of blood ejected by the heart in one minute.
Heart rate: Bradycardia, <60 bpm, Tachycardia, >100bpm Epinephrine: increases HR Pulmonary arteries, 2, carry deoxygenated blood to lungs Pulmonary veins, 4, carry oxygenated blood to the Left Atrium.
Valves: Atrioventricular Semilunar
Right-Tricuspid Pulmonary Left- Mitral Aortic
Heart Sounds: represent closure of A-V valves, and semilunar valves.
In the fetus, there is an opening between Rt. & Lt Atrium, Foramen Ovale. Lungs are nonfunctional Layers of the Heart: Endocardium: innermost
Myocardium: Middle (muscle layer)
Epicardium: Outermost
Conduction System of the Heart: SA node—A-V node—AV Bundle --- Rt & Lt Bundle branches- Purkinje fibers.Electrocardiogram (EKG); know all the waves and what they represent
P wave: atrial contraction
QRS: ventricular contraction, atrial relaxation
T wave: ventricular relaxation Know how to label! 1 / 2
Blood Vessels Arteries Veins Cappilaries High Pressure Low Pressure microscopic vessels
Vasoconstriction- narrowing of a blood vessel, caused by epinephrine Vasodilation- widening of a blood vessel.Largest artery, Aorta, Largest vein, Venae Cavae, largest superficial vein, Great Saphenous Make sure to study diagrams for blood vessels and you can identify them.Linings of the arteries and vein, Tunica intima, Tunica media, and Tunica externa.Special arteries: Carotids-neck, radial, thumb side at the wrist , brachial, at the elbow Popliteal, behind the knee, femoral at the thigh , dorsalis pedis on the top of foot.
Lungs
Pathway of airflow Mouth and nose---nasopharynx----oropharynx---laryngopharynx----Trachea—Bronchi--- Bronchioles----alveolar duct---Alveolus.Gas exchange occurs at the level of the alveolus Movement of CO2 from pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli Movement of O2 from the alveoli to pulmonary capillaries Bronchodilation: increasing the diameter of the airways. Epinephrine is a bronchodilator.Lungs can correct acid/base disturbances, by hyperventilation and hypoventilation.Larynx is the voice box. Vocal cords are present inside. They are paired, separated by a space.Pulmonary volumes: volume of air present in the lung after inhalation and exhalation.
Tidal volume: the amount of air exchange with each normal breath
Inspiratory Reserve volume: amount of air the enter the lung during normal inhalation.Expiratory Reserve Volume: the amount of air that moves out during normal exhalation .Residual Volume: the amount of air that remains in the lung after the most forceful exhalation.
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