BIO 117 Study Guide:Exam 2
Connective Tissue elements (CT)
1. Ligament : CT that binds bone to bone
2. Tendon: CT that binds muscle to bone
3. Aponeurosis: CT that binds muscle to muscle
Bones: Know Illustrations. eg. Humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia sternum,mandible Bone Cells 1. Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.
1. Osteoblast: makes new bone tissue
2. Osteocyte: maintains healthiness of bone
3. Osteoclast: breakdown of bone
Covering of bone: Periosteum
Bone Girdles: Pectoral: Clavicle & Scapula; Pelvic: coxal bones sacrum, and coccyx.
Vertebrae: Cervical, 7 Thoracic, 12 Lumbar, 5 Sacral, 5 Coccygeal 4
Ear Ossicles: Malleus, Incus, Stapes (MIS)
Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled cavities in bone. 4: Frontal, Maxillary, Ethmoid, Sphenoid Joints Ball & Socket: Shoulder & Hip joints: Provide greatest degree of movement
Hinge: Elbow, and knee
Knee joint contains fluid, Synovial fluid: provides lubrication between bones.
Muscles Know illustrations eg. Quadriceps, hamstrings, frontalis, diaphragm, eye muscles, deltoid Actions of muscles: Flexion: decrease angle of two bones; Extension: Increase angle of two bones.Example of only flexion/extension at a joint is the elbow and knee.
Synergistic muscles: muscles that have the same function.
Antagonistic muscles are ones that have opposite actions.
Energy for muscle contraction: Creatinine Phosphate first, ATP second
Proteins involved in contraction: Actin, Myosin, Troponin, and Tropomyosin.
Increase in cell size: Hypertrophy; Decrease in cell size: Atrophy
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