Biology 1023 Final Exam Study Guide with

Biology 1023 Final Exam Study Guide with Complete Solutions World of Fungi and Lichen, Animal Diversity I, Animal Diversity II, and Human Evolution Kingdom Fungi - Correct Answer decomposers, contain no chlorophyll (non photosynthetic, majority are multicellular, some unicellular, non-motile, cell walls contained chitin, and reproduce sexually and asexually multicellular fungi - Correct Answer molds and mushrooms unicellular fungi - Correct Answer yeast asexual reproduction - Correct Answer reproduction through spores sexual reproduction - Correct Answer reproduction through mating of hyphae filaments Mycelium - Correct Answer distinctive body; composed of microscopic, branched filaments known as hyphae. Involved in absorbing food from substrate. usually hidden in the soil, in wood, or in the substrate.Hyphae - Correct Answer each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus.Types of Fungal Hyphae - Correct Answer 1. Septate

• aseptate

Septum - Correct Answer cross-wall or dividing wall Chitin - Correct Answer evidence that fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants. (is not found in plants) aseptate hyphae - Correct Answer no cross walls 1 / 3

septate hyphae - Correct Answer hyphae with cross walls, consider more complex Mycorrhizae - Correct Answer -Ecological relationship between the mycelium of a fungus and the roots of certain plants -Fungus obtains carbohydrates while plants use enlarged network to increase surface area for absorbing water and nutrients from soil.How Fungi Obtain Nutrients - Correct Answer - Fungi are absorptive heterotrophs

• external digestion
• many are decomposers
• some are predators
• some are parasites/biotrophs
• most are saprophytes

Heterotrophs - Correct Answer get nutrients from other organisms because they cannot produce their own.

• Chytridiomycota
• Zygomycota
• Glomeromycota
• Ascomycota
• Basidiomycota - Correct Answer the fungi kingdom contains 5 divisions

Chytridiomycota - Correct Answer -chytrids

• simplest and most primitive fungi
• first appeared in fossil records
• some occur as single, spherical, cell that may produce hyphae.
• Others exist as unbranched aseptate hyphae

production of flagellate cells for dispersal of spores or gametes - Correct Answer Links chytrids to the ancestry of protists and animals 2 / 3

Chytridiomycota - Correct Answer Flagellate, aquatic, mostly decomposers, some pathogenic. Causes diseases in amphibians resulting in species decline and extinctions.Reproduction of Chytridiomycota - Correct Answer sexual and asexual.

• sexual through haploid gametes
• asexual through diploid flagellate zoospores

Zygomycota - Correct Answer - Commonly known as "bread molds";

• multinucleate hyphae aseptate
• decomposers and pathogens
• one species used to ferment rice into "sake" and another to inoculate soybeans to make tempeh

(like tofu).Reproduction of Zygomycota - Correct Answer Asexual and Sexual.

• Reproduces asexually by nonflagellate spores produced in sporangia.
• Reproduces sexually by thick walled resting structures called zygospores (developed inside the

zygosporangium); fusion of hyphae forms zygosprangium in which meiosis occurs Glomeromycota - Correct Answer -AM fungi (arbuscular mycorrhizal)

• form mycorrhizal associations with many plant species
• surround the plant roots and aid in the absorption of nutrients from soil
• vascular plants depend on
• fossil evidence suggest that the invasion of plants on land may have depended on AM fungi;
• aseptate hyphae

Reproduction of Glomeromycota - Correct Answer Asexually only; large, nonflagellate, multinucleate spores Ascomycota - Correct Answer - "Cup fungi"

• Septate hyphae
• mainly found in terrestrial environments but some are aquatic
• many are decomposers, many form lichens, some are pathogens, and a few form mycorrhizal

associations

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