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BIOS 105 Exam
1. Science:
Answer knowledge about the natural world
2. Scientific method:
Answer -Method of research with defined steps that include experi- ments and careful observation.-Tests the hypothesis
3. Hypothesis:
Answer -suggested explanation for an event, which can be tested. Hy- potheses, or tentative explanations, are generally produced within the context of a scientific theory.-day-to-day material that scientists work with and they are developed within the context of theories.
4. Scientific Theory:
Answer A scientific theory is a generally accepted, thoroughly tested and confirmed explanation for a set of observations or phenomena. Scientific theory is the foundation of scientific knowledge. In addition, in many scientific disciplines (less so in biology) there are scientific laws, often expressed in mathematical formulas, which describe how elements of nature will behave under certain specific conditions
5. Laws:
Answer concise descriptions of parts of the world that are amenable to formulaic or mathematical description.
6. natural sciences:
Answer -astronomy, biology, computer sciences, geology, logic, physics, chemistry, and mathematics. However, those fields of science related to the physical world and its phenomena and processes are considered natural sciences.-There is no complete agreement when it comes to defining what the natural sciences include.For some experts, the natural sciences are astronomy, biology, chemistry, earth science, and physics. Other scholars choose to divide natural sciences into life sciences and physical sciences
7. Life sciences:
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Answer study living things and include biology
8. Physical sciences:
Answer study nonliving matter and include astronomy, physics, and chemistry. Some disciplines such as biophysics and biochemistry build on two sciences and are interdisciplinary.
9. Curiosity and inquiry:
Answer driving forces for the development of science.
10. Inductive reasoning:
Answer form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. This type of reasoning is common in descriptive science. A life scientist such as a biologist makes observations and records them. These data can be qualitative (descriptive) or quantitative (consisting of numbers), and the raw data can be supplemented with drawings, pictures, photos, or videos.From many observations, the scientist can infer conclusions (inductions) based on evidence. Inductive reasoning involves formulating generalizations inferred from careful observation and the analysis of a large amount of data. Brain studies often work this way.Many brains are observed while people are doing a task. The part of the brain that lights up, indicating activity, is then demonstrated to be the part controlling the response to that task.
11. Deductive reasoning or deduction:
Answer -type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the opposite direction as compared to inductive reasoning -form of logical thinking that uses a general principle or law to forecast specific results. From those general principles, a scientist can extrapolate and predict the specific results that would be valid as long as the general principles are valid.
12. deductive reasoning example:
Answer a prediction would be that if the climate is becoming warmer in a region, the distribution of plants and animals should change. Comparisons have been made between distributions in the past and the present, and the many changes that have been found are consistent with a warming climate. Finding the change in distribution is evidence that the climate change conclusion is a valid one.
- Both types of logical thinking are related to the two main pathways of scientific
study::
Answer -descriptive science and hypothesis-based science.
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