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BIOS 105 Final test
1. describe the three components of a nation's wealth:
Answer produced capital - human made buildings, machinery, ships, highways, and so forth
- Why is the gross national product (GNP) an inaccurate indicator of a na- tion's economic
status?:
Answer It does not account for depreciation of natural capital—it only measures economic activity.
3. net national product (NNP):
Answer puts environmental assets and services into mone- tary units in the equation NNP = GDP - dp - dn - dh. depreciation of produced capital, natural capital, and human capital
4. Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI):
Answer GPI starts with personal consumption, which is like GDP. It then also takes into account the environmental and social effects of economic activity. It then adds positive contributions such as household and volunteer work, while subtracting loss of leisure time, the cost of crime, commuting, pollution, and other factors that reduce well-being.
- Explain the importance of considering both intragenerational equity and intergenerational
equity in addressing resource allocation issues.:
Answer -Intragen- erational equality- the golden rule of making possible for others what is possible for you.-Intergenerational equality- meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
- Compare the difference between the 'take-make-waste' economic model and the
'borrow-use-return' and 'industrial ecology' models.:
Answer -"Take-make-waste" model - takeresources from environment (increasing concen- trations of waste from extraction), making products within economy and then making waste in larger concentrations.-"Borrow-use-return" model - borrow environmental resources, use within economy for services, and then return those resources to the beginning to be used again -"Industrial ecology" model - waste for one company turns into supplies for another and it is continual
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- *What is natural capitalism and what are the 4 major shifts in business practices that
it demands?:
Answer -Natural capitalism- capitalism when the "natural capital" of ecosystem services is properly valued
- Practically INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES. Such as
- Shift BIOLOGICALLY INSPIRED PRODUCTION MODELS. There would be a
showing how reducing waste means opportunity and any waste is a loss of profit.
change to closed loop production systems modeled on nature. Closed loop produc- tion is to recycle wastes among industries as "one man's trash is another man's treasure."
- There also needs to be a move to solutions-based business model, which involves selling a
- It also involves reinvesting in natural capital.
service and not just a good.
- What does it mean for a company to externalize the environmental costs of making a
product? What would be the consequences if these costs were not externalized?:
Answer To externalize a product means that the person who buys the product does not pay for it in actuality. Instead, many people paid for it including those who's resources were taken from them, those who were forced to work in the factories, and then those who were forced to work for big business.The consequences if these costs were not externalized would be that the price for our stuff would go up. We would have to pay more for the things we want because we would actually be paying for its production and creation.
- What is a linear system for the production of material goods? How is this different
from how an ecosystem operates? What is the problem with
such a linear system?:
Answer The materials economy is a linear system that goes from extraction, to production, to distribution, to consumption, to disposal. An ecosystem moves in a circle and recycles itself, but this materials economy just looks like it ends. We live on a finite planet and you cannot run a linear system on a finite planet indefinitely. It's always bumping up against limits such as lack of resources. The resources go one way, and with a finite amount of resources, we need a circular system to continually renew products.
10. What is urban sprawl? What are the environmental impacts of urban sprawl?:
Answer Urban sprawl is the extension of city perimeters outward in the country- side, one development after the next. It has little to no plan for growth and no notion for when it will stop.The environmental impacts of urban sprawl include: a depletion of natural resources, air pollution, water pollution and loss, loss of agricultural land, and a loss of habitat and biodiversity.
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