BIOS 1404 FINAL EXAM 2

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BIOS 1404 FINAL EXAM 2

• What features are common to all living organisms?

–Answer enclosed by a membrane presence of cytoplasm presence of DNA presence of ribosomes

• How do electrons behave when they absorb or lose energy?

–Answer Electrons move to higher or lower shells by absorbing (higher) or releasing (lower) energy

• What is a nonpolar covalent bond?

–Answer The atoms share the electrons equally

• What is a polar covalent bond?

–Answer One atom is more electronegative, and the atoms do not share the electron equally (creating hot spots)

• What are the noncovalent bonds?

–Answer Ionic Hydrogen Hyrophobic Van der Waals Interactions

• What are ionic bonds?

–Answer Atoms sometimes strip electrons from their bonding partners

• metal and nonmetal
• Both atoms have charges
• Both have complete valence shells 1 / 2

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• What are hydrogen bonds?

–Answer Forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom (between water)

• What are Van der Waals Interactions?

–Answer Attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of these charges (lizard)

• What are hydrohphobic interactions?

–Answer Property that non-polar molecules tend to form aggregates of like molecules in water

• hydrophobic interactions form between hydrophobic groups (membrane)
• Why is water so special?

–Answer

• cohesive behavior
• ability to moderate temperature
• Expansion upon freezing
• versatility as a solvent
• What are the 7 functional groups found in large organic molecules?

–Answer

• Hydroxyl (-OH)
• Carbonyl (-CO)
• Carboxyl (-COOH)
• Amino (-NH2)
• Sulfhydryl (-SH)
• Phosphate (-PO3)
• Methyl (-CH3)
• How are polymers assembled?

–Answer dehydration reaction (when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule)

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