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BIOS 195 test 4
- What are the fundamental properties of life shared by all living organisms?-
–Answer -Cellular organization -Sensitivity -Growth -Development -Reproduction -Regulation/Metabolism -Homeostasis -Heredity
- When was the Earth formed?
- What is the Miller-Urey Experiment?
- What is the science of taxonomy? How does it fit within the broader field of systematics?
–Answer -Earth formed from molten rock 4.6 billion years ago
–Answer The experiment conducted by Stanley Miller and Harold Urey was conducted to show that early atmospheric conditions could produce organic compounds spontaneously (amino Acids).-University of Chicago 1953 -Put together mixture of compounds simulating early Earth conditions -Complex glass apparatus had "Primordial soup" and used electrodes to simulate lightning -Small organic molecules were generated, including the amino acids glycine & Alanine, building blocks of proteins -Other similar studies with different mixtures late produced ca. 20 amino acids, and adenine, a nitrogenous base found in DNA & RNA and a precursor to ATP, the universal energy-carrying molecule
–Answer Taxonomy- The science of classifying things It is similar to systematics because of how it is a way to classify animals based upon a 1 / 4
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commonality.
- What is binomial nomenclature, i.e., what comprises the scientific name of a species? Who
- What is the Linnaean taxonomic hierarchy?
- Taxons of Linnaean
first standardized the system of binomial nomenclature?–Answer Bino- mial Nomenclature- 2-word scientific name for a species (ALways underlined when written out by hand or when printed underlined or in italics Genus name- Shared name for a group of closely related species. Always first word when in binomial nomenclature, always started with capital letter.Specific epithet- Unique name for each species. Second word when in binomial nomenclature, all lower case.Founder of Binomial Nomenclature was Linnaeus, in the 1750's.
–Answer Taxon- A level in the hierarchy and the organism(s) contained in that level.
–Answer
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species."King Philip Came Over For Good Soup."
- Why are the five- and six- kingdom classification systems considered arti- ficial grade
groupings?–Answer classification system –Answer by Robert Whittaker Consists of –Answer Bacteria, Animals, Fungi, Plants, Protists Six-Kingdom system –Answer by Carl Woese –Answer 2 / 4
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discovered a large group of "Prokaryotes" Called them Archaebacteria.Consists of –Answer Bacteria Archea, Animals, Fungi, Plants, Protists
- What are the three major clades of living organisms often recognized as Domains?
- Why aren't viruses considered to be living organisms?
–Answer Domain Archea Domain Bacteria Domain Eukarya
–Answer Viruses –Answer
-not organisms and cannot be placed in any of the kingdoms -Are Literally "parasitic" chemicals (No cell structure, DNA/RNA wrapped in protein) -Lack the ability to reproduce without the help of a host cell
- How do "prokaryotes," an artificial paraphyletic group, differ from eukary- otes?
- How does endosymbiosis explain the origin of eukaryotes?
–Answer -Prokaryotes have a nucleoid and circular DNA.-Eukaryotes have a nucleus, organelles, and linear DNA -Both Share that they Are cells, have a cell membrane, and ribosomes
–Answer origins of or- ganelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells. theory proposes that chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved from certain types of bacteria that eukaryotic cells engulfed through endophagocytosis. 3 / 4
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- Microfossils
- How do "prokaryotes" differ from eukaryotes in terms of uncellularity, size, chromosomes,
–Answer fossil/fossil fragment that can only be seen under a microscope
cell division and genetic recombination, internal compartmen- talization, flagella, and metabolic diversity?–Answer Prokaryotic Features
Unicellularity
Most are dingle-celled, some can form complex biofilms -Cell size
Most are less than 1/1000 of a mm in diameter -Chromosomes
Single circular double-stranded DNA, found in the Nucleoid -Cell division- Most divide by binary fission -Genetic recombination- Occurs through horizontal gene transfer -Internal compartmentalization
No Membrane-bounded organelles -Flagella- Whiplike body extensions, simple structures that spin like propellers Metabolic diversity- ???
- How do bacteria differ from archaea? In EEB the specific details are not im- portant but
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know that there are fundamental molecular differences in plasma membranes, cell walls, DNA replication, and gene expression. Peptidoglycan is absent in archaea.–Answer Bacteria vs. Archaea