BIOS 195 Unit 1 Vocal chapter 1-3

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BIOS 195 Unit 1 Vocal (chapter 1-3)

• Pathogen

–Answer A bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoan, or helminthic agent of disease; among health professionals, pathogens typically are limited to bacteria, viruses, and fungi; can cause symptoms such as diarrhea

• Microbe

–Answer An organism or virus too small to be seen with the unaided human eye

• Cell

–Answer A single, specific type of organism, designated by a genus and species name

• Genome

–Answer The complete genetic content of an organism; the sequence of all the nucleotides in a haploid set of chromosomes

• Prokaryote

–Answer An organism whose cell or cells lack a nucleus. Prokaryotes include both bacteria and archaea

• Eukaryote

–Answer An organism whose cells contain a nucleus. All eukaryotes are mem- bers of the domain Eukarya

• Archaeon (pl.arcaea)

–Answer A prokaryotic organism that is a member of the domain Archaea, distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes.

• Protozoan (pl. protozoa)

–Answer A heterotrophic eukaryotic microbe, usually motile, that is not a fungus 1 / 3

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• Alga(pl. algae)

–Answer A microbial eukaryote that contains chloroplasts and conducts photosynthesis

• Protist

–Answer A single-celled eukaryotic microbe, usually heterotrophic and motile; not a fungus

• Fungus (pl.fungi)

–Answer A heterotrophic eukaryote with chitinous cell walls; nutrition is by absorption. Fungi include Eumycota but traditionally may refer to fungus-like protists such as the oomycetes

• Parasite

–Answer Any bacterium, virus, fungus, protozoan (protist), or helminth that colo- nizes and harms its host; the term commonly refers to protozoa and to invertebrates

• Virus

–Answer A noncellular particle containing a genome that can replicate only inside a host cell

• Spontaneous Generation

–Answer The theory, much debated in the nineteenth century, that under current Earth condition life can arise spontaneously from nonliving matter

• Fermentation

–Answer The production of ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation, using organic compounds as both electron donors and electron acceptors –Answer Industrial fermentation is the production of microbial products that are made by microbes grown in fermentation vessels; it may include respiratory metabolism to maximize microbial growth

• Autoclave

–Answer A device that uses pressurized steam to sterilize materials by raising the temperature above the boiling point of water a standard pressure 2 / 3

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• Robert Hooke and Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

–Answer The first to record observa- tions of microbes through simple microscopes

• Lazzaro Spallanzani

–Answer Showed that microbes arise from pre-existing microbes and demonstrated that heat sterilization can prevent microbial growth

• Louis Pasteur

–Answer Discovered the microbial basis of fermentation. He also showed that supplying oxygen does not enable spontaneous generation; Made the injection for rabies; devised techniques of pure culture to study a single species of microbe in isolation

• John Tyndall

–Answer Showed that repeated cycles of heat are necessary to eliminate spores formed by certain kinds of bacteria

• Florence Nightingale

–Answer Statistically quantified the impact of infectious disease on the human population

• Edward Jenner

–Answer established the practice of vaccination; inoculation of cowpox to prevent small pox. Jenner's discovery was based on earlier observations by Lady Mary Montagu and others that a mild case of smallpox could prevent future infection

• Ignaz Semmelweis and Joseph Lister

–Answer Showed that antiseptics could prevent the transmission of pathogens from doctor to patient

• Alexander Fleming

–Answer Discovered that the Penicillium mold generates a sub- stance that kills bacteria

• Howard Florey and Ernst Chain
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