Bios 242 Exam 1 - extinct species and extant species 2. Internati...

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Bios 242 Exam 1

• Taxonomy

–Answer The field of biology that is involved in naming, describing, and clas- sifying organisms, both extinct species and extant species

• International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)

–Answer The formal rules used by scientists in naming to promote stability and universality in the scientific names of animals and other organisms.

• Classification

–Answer One branch of taxonomy where various things are identified and grouped together into groups.This orders and ranks things into a series of hierarchial levels

• Systematics

–Answer The field of biology concerned with the identification of the evolu- tionary relationships among species through time.

• Phylogeny

–Answer The pattern and history of evolutionary descent of all of the taxa used in a classification of organisms.

• Linneaus

–Answer Wrote "Systema naturae" in the 18th century where he proposed the idea of binomial nomenclature.

• Hierarchical Classification Order

–Answer Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Species

• Taxon 1 / 3

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–Answer The named taxonomic unit at any level

• Phylogenetic Tree

–Answer A chart which shows all living species (on that chart) are descended from a common hypothetical ancestor.

• Allopatric specication

–Answer When populations of the same species become isolat- ed and interfere with genetic variation between them

• Geographical Isolation

–Answer When two populations of one species are separated from each other by a physical barrier and the environmental differences cause the two populations to evolve in different ways

• Sympatric Speciation

–Answer This occurs when a new species is formed within the range of the parent populations.

• Cladogram

–Answer Constructed from a series of dichotomies. The sequence of branch- ing resembles historical chronology of common ancestry

• Anagenesis (phyletic evolution)

–Answer The transformation of one entire species over time into another through time. The transformation of an unbranched lineage of organisms to such an extent that it can be called a new species

• Cladogenesis (Branching evolution or Divergent Evolution)

–Answer The budding off of one or more new species from a parental species that continues to exist and which may coexist with the 'daughter' species for some time. Branching of a new species from an ancestral lineage occurs. 2 / 3

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• Monophyletic Taxon

–Answer A clade that consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants. No unrelated species are included, and hopefully no related species has been left out and included somewhere else

• Polyphyletic Taxon

–Answer The members are derived from two or more ancestral forms not common to all members. Some descendant species are not included, and the common ancestor has also been left out

• Paraphyletic Taxon

–Answer Excludes some species that share a common ancestor with the rest of the species of the group. In other words, some of the descendant species have been left out of the group, but not the common ancestor.

• Homology

–Answer A shared ancestry

• Convergent evolution

–Answer Process where organisms that are not closely related independently evolve similar traits

• Analogous Structures

–Answer Structures that are very different structurally, but they are similar in function

• Homologous Structures

–Answer Structures which might have a different function (or a similar function) but the underlying structure, development, and physiology are the same

• Homoplasy

–Answer A term used to refer to the similarity in appearance of two groups due to independent evolutionary change.

• Evolutionary Reversal
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