BIOS 242 Exam 2 Review Fundamentals of Microbiology with Lab – Chamberlain
Latest 2023 / 2024
Where do heterotrophs get their carbon?• Organic compounds
Where do autotrophs get their carbon?• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Where do phototrophs get their energy?• Sunlight
Where do chemotrophs get their energy?• Chemical compounds
What are macronutrients and why are they important?• Needed in large amounts
• Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
• Role in cell structure & metabolism 1 / 3
What are micronutrients and why are they important?• Needed in small amounts
• Manganese, nickel & zinc (i.e., vitamins)
• Role in protein structure & enzyme function
What are vitamins?What does a vitamin deficiency cause?• Type of coenzyme
• Deficiency prevents the formation of holoenzymes
What is passive diffusion?• Movement of atoms or particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
*Largely determined by whether the substance can permeate the membrane of the cell
What is osmosis?• Type of passive diffusion
• Movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
What is facilitated diffusion?• Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels 2 / 3
What occurs if a cell is in a hypotonic solution?• Concentration of water outside of the cell is greater that the concentration inside the cell.
• Water moves into the cell, causing lysis (causing the cell to burst)
What occurs if a cell is in a hypertonic solution?• Concentration of water inside the cell is greater than the concentration outside of the cell.
• Water moves out of the cell, causing the cell to shrivel
What occurs if a cell is in an isotonic solution?• Concentration of water inside the cell is equal to the concentration outside the cell.
• Rate of diffusion is equal
What is specificity in terms of facilitated diffusion?• Carrier proteins bind & transport only 1 or only a few specific types of molecules
What is active transport?• Movement of molecules into or out of a cell against a concentration gradient OR in the same direction as the gradient but faster than normal rate
• Requires ATP (energy)
• Involves specific proteins
- / 3