BIOS 242 Midterm Exam

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BIOS 242 Midterm Exam

• birth of biotechnology or industrial microbiology

–Answer mid 19th century, pasteurs investigations into the cause of fermentation led to discovery that yeast can grow with or without oxygen, and that bacteria ferment grape juice to produce acids, whereas yeast cells ferment grape juice to produce alcohol.

• biotechnology

–Answer microbes are intentionally manipulated to manufacture products.

• pasteurization

–Answer the use of heat to kill pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage microorganisms in food and beverages.

• 1897 eduard buchner

–Answer demonstrated process of enzymes and began the field of biochemistry and study of metabolism

• enzymes

–Answer cell produced proteins that promote chemical reactions such as fer- mentation.

• metabolism

–Answer sum of all chemical reactions in a organism.

• germ theory of disease

–Answer pastuers discovery that bacteria are responsible for spoiling wine led to hypothesis that microorganisms are responsible for causing diseases. today we know diseases are caused by other things like genetics toxins and allergies, so germ theory really only applies to infectious disease.

• pathogens 1 / 4

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–Answer microorganisms that cause specific diseases

• etiology

–Answer study of causation of disease. dominated by Robert Koch

• Robert Koch

–Answer search for disease agents such as bacteria responsible for an- thrax, developed techniques to isolate bacteria, stain cells, estimate population size, sterilize growth media, transfer bacteria between media, achieved first photomicro- graph of bacteria. His greatest achievement was Kochs Postulates.

• Koch's postulates

–Answer in his publications on TB, he elaborated on a set of steps that must be taken to prove the cause of any infectious disease –Answer

1- The suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent form healthy hosts.2- The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host.3- When the agent is introduced to a healthy susceptible host,the host must get the disease.4- The same agent must be found int he diseased experimental host.

• Christian Gram

–Answer in 1884 Gram developed staining technique using a series of dyes that leave some microbes purple and some pink. Still is most widely used staining technique today. Distinguishes gram positive from gram negative bacteria and reflects differences in composition of bacterial cell wall.

• Semmelweis

–Answer hypothesized that cadaver particles on med students hands are what caused puerpural fever and deaths of women giving birth. Had them wash their hands in chlorinated lime water before attending births and the number of deaths from puerpural fever dropped the next year. 2 / 4

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• infection control and epidemiology

–Answer

• branches of microbiology, epidemiolo- gy=study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread

of disease in humans.

• immunology

–Answer stuyd of the bodys specific defenses against pathogens. began with experiments of edward Jenner

• Edward Jenner

–Answer showed that vaccination with pus collected from cowpox le- sions prevented smallpox. Pastuer later built on Jenners work to develop vaccines against fowl cholera, anthrax, and rabies.

• Chemotherapy, Paul erlich

–Answer Branch of medical microbiology in which chemicals are studied for their potential to destroy pathogenic microorganisms. Began with Paul erlich who searched for a "magic bullet" that would kill microoganisms but would be nontoxic to humans. He discovered chemicals effective against the agents that cause sleeping sickness and syphilis.

• Biochemistry

–Answer study of metabolism. Kluyver and Niel proposed biochemical reactions are shared by all living things, are few in number, and involve the basic transfer of electrons and hydrogen ions.

• Microbial genetics

–Answer microbial genetics=study of inheritance in microorganisms. A genes activity is related to the function of the specific protein coded by that gene. We now know the exact way in which genetic info is translated into a protein.

• Molecular biology

–Answer combines aspects of biochemistry, cell biology, and genet- ics to explain cell function at a molecular level. Particularly concerned with genome sequencing. 3 / 4

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• Genetic engineering

–Answer the manipulation of genes in microbes, plants and ani- mals for practical applications such as development of pest resistant crops and the treatment of disease.

• Gene therapy

–Answer use of recombinant DNA (DNA composed of genes from more than one organism) to insert a missing gene or repair a defective gene in human cells.

• environmental microbiology

–Answer studies the role microorganims play in their nat- ural environment. Microbial communities play an essential role in decay of dead organisms and recycling of chemicals such as carbon nitrogen and sulfur. Envi- ronmental microbiologists also limit the abundance of pathogenic microbes int eh environment, such as water purification and sanitation.

• serology

–Answer the study of blood serum, the liquid that remains after blood coag- ulates and carries disease fighting chemicals. Found that body can defend itself against a remarkable range of diseases, but medical intervention is often necessary.

• penicillin

–Answer antimicrobial discovered in 1929

• sulfa drugs

–Answer antimicrobial discovered in 1935

• Which of the following is NOT a microscopic organism that Leeuwenhook was able to

observe under the microscope he created in 1674 –Answer Viruses. They were so small they were found later in 1932.

• According to the work of Buchner, which of the following is true of en- zymes.

–Answer They promote chemical reactions

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