BIOS 256 Final Exam 1.what are male gametes? Correct answer- Sperm 2.What are female gametes? Correct answer- Secondary oocytes 3.Embryonic period? Correct answer- From fertilization through the eighth week of development 4.Fetal period? Correct answer- Begins at week 9 and continues on until birth 5.Describe the first trimester? Correct answer- The first trimester is from conception to 13 weeks. This period is very critical to babies health due to the extensive oran-system development, and baby is most vulnerable to teratogens.
6.Describe the second trimester? Correct answer- 14 weeks to 27 weeks. Baby begins to develop human like features 7.Describe the third trimester? Correct answer- 28 weeks to 40 weeks. Rapid fetal growth, fetus doubles in weight.
8.Cleavage of zygote Correct answer- Mitotic division after fertilization
Day 1: two-cell stage
Day 2: four-cell stage
Day 3: eight-cell stage
Day 4: morula
Day 5: blastocyst
Day 6: Implantation in uterine wall
FIGURE 29.5
9.What factors stimulate the thirst center in the hypothalamus? Correct answer- Increased blood osmolarity(more solutes) Decreased blood volume Decreased blood pressure Dry mouth 10.What does a decreased blood pressure stimulate in the kidneys? Correct answer- Stimulates the release of renin, which increases angiotensin II formation, leading to increased thirst, increased water intake, and increased blood volume, and increased blood pressure 11.What are the two main solutes in extracellular fluid and in urine? Correct answer- Na+ and Cl- 1 / 2
12.ADH function Correct answer- ADH responds to increased osmolarity, by inserting aquaporins in late DCT and collecting ducts, which increases the permeability to water and allows for more water to be reabsorbed, decreasing blood osmolarity, increasing blood volume, increasing blood pressure 13.What are the two most important hormones in renal reabsorption and urine regulation? Correct answer- Aldosterone and ANP 14.When is RAAS activated? Correct answer- Decreased blood pressure or Na+ deficiency in plasma, this causes an increase in renin release which activates the RAAS system. This increases Na+ reabsorption and water reabsorption in the late DCT and collecting ducts 15.Functions of ANP Correct answer- ANP responds to increased blood volume and increased stretch of atria of the heart, promoting natriuresis (elevated excretion of Na+ into urine). Where sodium goes, water follows, therefore there is also a loss of water, and a decrease in blood volume.
16.What are the most abundant cation and anion of ECF? Correct answer- Na+ and Cl- 17.What are the most abundant cation and anion of the ICF? Correct answer- K+, proteins, and phosphates 18.3 buffer systems in the body Correct answer- (1) the carbonic acid-sodium bicarbonate buffer system, (2) the phosphate buffer system, and (3) the protein buffer system.
19.Exhalation of CO2 as a buffer system Correct answer- Increased exhalation of CO2 increases exhalation of H+ and increases the pH, decreased exhalation of CO2 decreases exhalation of H+ and decreases the pH 20.Kidneys as a buffer system Correct answer- Renal tubules secrete H+ in urine, and reabsorb HCO3- so it is not lost in urine 21.Respiratory acidosis Correct answer- A drop in pH due to the failure to exhale sufficient amounts of CO2.
22.Solution: the renal system may correct this by increasing the excretion of H+ in urine and increasing HCO3- reabsorption 23.Respiratory alkalosis Correct answer- An increase in pH due to the excessive exhalation of CO2.
24.Solution: the renal system may correct this by decreasing the excretion of H+ and decreasing the reabsorption of HCO3- 25.Metabolic acidosis Correct answer- Decreased HCO3-, and a decreased pH.
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