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BIOS 256 test
1. WEEK1
–Answer
- Digestive System
- Gastroenterology
- Digestion
- Stages of Digestion
–Answer disassembly line breaking down nutrients into smaller com- ponents to be distributed to the tissues aka –Answer organ system that processes food, extracts nutrients, and eliminates residue
–Answer the study of the digestive tract and the diagnosis and treat- ment of its disorders
–Answer refers to the process of swallowing food and requires the coordination of 22 muscles and cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and XII
–Answer > Ingestion = selective intake of food > Secretion = the introduction of enzymes and other glandular products > Motility = the movement of food and mixing it with secretions > Digestion = mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into a form usable by the body > Absorption = uptake of nutrient molecules into the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and then into the blood and lymph (90% done by small intestines) > Compaction = absorbing water and consolidating the indigestible residue into feces Defecation –Answer 1 / 3
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elimination of feces
- Types of Digestion
- Types of Motility
–Answer > mechanical = physical breakdown of food into smaller particles (ex –Answer grinding of the teeth, churning of stomach/small intestines, exposes more food to surface to digestive enzymes) > chemical digestion = a series of hydrolysis (bind water to molecules for binding based on our needs to support digestion) reactions that breaks dietary macromol- ecules into their monomers; residues (ex –Answer digestive enzymes produced by salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine)
–Answer > Peristalsis = consists of the contraction and relaxation of the longitudinal muscularis layer of the GI tract to push contents forward.> Mixing waves = a specialized type of peristaltic movement that mixes food with digestive enzymes in the stomach.> Segmentation = consists of the contraction and relaxation of the circular muscu- laris layer of the GI tract to separate the contents of the GI tract in order to maximize absorption.> Haustral churning = slow segmenting movements in the large intestine to aid in absorption and compaction of feces.
> Mass movement = a unique type f motility only found in the large intestine that provides large peristaltic contractions to rapidly drive contents into the rectum.
- Chemical Digestion
–Answer > Polysaccharides into monosaccharides > Proteins into amino acids > Fats into monoglycerides and fatty acids > Nucleic acids into nucleotides 2 / 3
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(ex; direct absorption and do not need to be further digested –Answer Vitamins, amino acids, minerals, cholesterol, and water)
- Digestive Subdivisions
- Liver
- Digestive Tract Wall
- Mucosa-
- / 3
–Answer > digestive tract (alimentary canal) = muscular tube open to environment at both ends from mouth to anus (Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine; GI tract = stomach and intestines taking different shape for the function of storage for absorption) > accessory organs = Teeth, tongue (guide food), salivary glands, liver (largest; clears out toxins), gallbladder (digesting fat and stores bile as it's made by the liver), and pancreas (produces enzymes)
–Answer Functions –Answer > Carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism > Processing of drugs and hormones > Bilirubin excretion > Bile salt synthesis > Storage of triglycerides > Phagocytosis > Vitamin D activation > Synthesis of clotting factors
–Answer Layers –Answer > Mucosa = lines lumen; epithelium (sim- ple columnar-more secretion for acid/enzymes + stratified squamous from mouth-esophagus and lower anal canal since not completely digested), lamina propria (loose connective tissue), muscularis mucosal (thin layer of smooth muscle; tenses = grooves enhancing surface area for contact with food towards nutrient absorption)
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