C5-C6, C6-C7, L4-L5 L5-S1

NUR 211 Exam 4

• What are the most common locations of herniated disk?

Answer C5-C6, C6-C7, L4-L5 & L5-S1

• What is a good way of remembering the vertebra?

Answer Bfast at 7 (cervical) Lunch at 12 (lumbar) Dinner at 5 (sacral)

• What are risk factors for IVDD/back pain?

Answer -male -tall -30-50yr old (less flexible) -excess weight -regular heavy lifting / bending / twisting -bone disorders -degenerative disk disorders -pregnancy

• What are the S&S of back pain?

Answer Lumbar

-sciatica -compression of all or part of sciatic nerve Unilateral pain, burning, numbness, Paresthesia from butt->foot Cauda equina syndrome 1 / 4

-compression of nerve roots -may result in permanent nerve damage -usually bilateral urinary incontinence, paralysis

• What is cauda equina syndrome?

Answer Due to injury of lumbosacral nerve roots in spinal canal. Leads to areflexic bladder, bowel, and lower limbs. Needs immediate surgical intervention.

• What are the diagnostics for back pain?

Answer -history

-physical exam -xray -MRI or CT -bone scan -nerve studies (EMG, Myelogram) -bloodwork

• What are pharmacological treatments for back pain?

Answer

NSAIDS

Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)

Naproxen (Aleve) Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Neuropathic pain 2 / 4

Gabapentin (Neurontin) Pregabalin (Lyrica) Duloxetine (Cymbalta) Muscle relaxant

(mod-severe) Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril) Carisoprodol (Soma) Diazepam (Valium) Opioid

Tramadol (Ultram)

Epidural injection (corticosteroids or anesthetics)

• What are some educational opportunities for back pain?

Answer -good posture for sitting / standing

-PT -appropriate exercise (back & trunk) -healthy weight & dietary plan -proper body mechanics -hot (stiff) therapy -cold (inflammation) therapy -stress management -massage therapy -yoga

• What is scoliosis?

Answer abnormal lateral / sideways curvature of the

• What is are the breakdown of scoliosis?

spine 3 / 4

Answer Mild (most common)

Answer more than 10 degrees Significant Answer 25-35 degrees Severe Answer 45-50 degrees

leads to deformity & disability

• What is the difference between nonstructural & structural scoliosis?

Answer Non- structural

Answer

spine bends to compensate -poor posture -difference in leg length -tumors -pain adaptation

-other physical conditions corrected by alleviating the cause Structural Answer

More severe involving spinal deformities

• What are some causes of scoliosis?
• / 4