CEN Study Questions with Correct Answers 100% Verified "Adrenergic" is associated with the ______ system - Correct Answer Sympathetic "Cholinergic" is associated with the ______ system - Correct Answer Parasympathetic Activation of the RAAS system leads to...? - Correct Answer Increased water and sodium reabsorption (decreased UO) Beta-one receptors stimulate the...? - Correct Answer Heart Beta-two receptors stimulate the...? - Correct Answer Lungs What is hematologic factors are high in renal failure? - Correct Answer The 3 Ps!Potassium Phosphorous Positive Ions (Acidosis) (Sodium and calcium are low) Potassium is closely related with what electrolyte? - Correct Answer Mg Magnesium is closely related with what electrolyte? - Correct Answer K+ Calcium is inversely related to? - Correct Answer Phosphate and potassium Phosphate is inversely related to?closely related to? - Correct Answer Inverse: Calcium 1 / 4
Direct: Potassium
What medication do we never give in thyroid storm? - Correct Answer ASA What are the s/s of hyponatremia? - Correct Answer swelling, confusion, apathy, sense of doom, *muscle cramps* What are we worried about when correcting hyponatremia? - Correct Answer Correcting sodium too rapidly can cause central pontine myelinolysis (flaccid paralysis, dysarthria, dysphagia, hypotension) What are the s/s of hypernatremia? - Correct Answer AMS (fatigue, lethargy, confusion, coma), weakness, diarrhea (think of how you feel after eating McDonalds^^^) What are the early s/s of hyperkalemia? - Correct Answer muscular excitability, irritability, N/V/D What are the late s/s hyperkalemia? - Correct Answer *fatigue*, weakness, distal limb paresthesia, tetany, respiratory depression, ascending paralysis What are the cardiovascular s/s of hyperkalemia? - Correct Answer 1. Peaked T wave
- Elongated PR interval
- Absent P wave
- Enlarging QRS complex
- Sin wave (very bad sign)
- Shift potassium into the cells with high dose albuterol (15-25mg) and Insulin 10units IV push with
- Remove potassium from the cells (HD, NS and furosemide, Ion exchange resin like kayexalate) 2 / 4
How do we treat hyperkalemia? - Correct Answer 1. Stabilize cardiac membrane with CaCl or Ca Gluconate
100mL of 50% dextrose IV push
What are the s/s of hypokalemia? - Correct Answer Frequently asymptomatic. Weakness, hyporeflexia, latent tetany, paralysis to the lower extremities, respiratory failure, paresthesia. Prominent U wave on the ECG causing a "camel-hump" appearance to the T-wave, ST depression **treat hypokalemia with magnesium too since they often coincide What are the s/s of hypermagnesemia? - Correct Answer Neuromuscular depression, decreased DTR, constipation, N/V, fatigue, tall T waves, depressed ST segmants How do we treat hypermagnesemia? - Correct Answer 1. Reduce serum mag (fluids and loop diuretics)
- Reduce ingestion of magnesium (dark leafy greens, nuts, seeds, fish, beans, whole grains, avocados,
- Dialysis (give calcium while awaiting dialysis)
yogurt, bananas, dried fruit, dark chocolate
What are the s/s of hypomagnesemia? - Correct Answer Mild to moderate is usually asymptomatic Severely low causes *neuromuscular excitability*: tetanic contractions, perioral or finger paresthesia, positive Chvostek's sign, positive trousseaus's sign, seizures. Prolonged PR interval, widened QRS complex What are the s/s of hypocalcemia? - Correct Answer *The same as hyperphosphatemia* Neuromuscular excitability (positive Chvosteks and trousseaus), shortened ST segment, and widened T wave How do we treat hypocalcemia? - Correct Answer 1-2 amps of 10% calcium gluconate mixed with D5W over 10-20 minutes (Remember potassium rises with low calcium!) 3 / 4
How do we treat hyperphosphatemia? - Correct Answer Limit phosphate intake, give oral phosphate binding agents such as aluminum hydroxide (antacids), increased excretion (IV fluids, diuretics) What are the s/s of hypercalcemia? - Correct Answer *Same as hypohosphatemia* Neuromuscular depression (Decraed DTRs, constipation, N/V), prolonged ST, and QT intervals How do we treat hypercalcemia? - Correct Answer Treat underlying cause, NS infusion, *glucocorticoids, calcitonin* how do we treat hypophosphatemia? - Correct Answer High phosphate diet, oral potassium phosphate, IV sodium phosphate (Watch for hypocalcemia!) What is azotemia? - Correct Answer Elevated BUN and creatinine, seen in renal failure What are the low and high functions of the thyroid known as? - Correct Answer Low: hypothyroidism
Severely low: myxedema coma
High: hyperthyroidism
Severely high: thyroid storm
What are the low and high functions of the pancreas known as? - Correct Answer Low: DKA
Severely low: HHS
High: hypoglycemia
What are the low and high functions of the adrenal gland known as? - Correct Answer Low: Addison's disease
Severely low: Addison's crisis
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