WI PAT Right-of-Way & Natural Areas (6.0)
Chapter 1: About Weeds correct answers
Right-of-way correct answersAn area of land used or adjacent to areas of access, transportation, or power.E.g. land for electric power lines, pipelines, railways, public roads Natural area correct answersLand being preserved or restored and managed for its natural or native features.E.g. prairies What determines whether a given plant is a weed? correct answersA weed is any unwanted plant.It interferes with what someone wants to do with the land the weed is growing on.What are the two main goals of weed management? correct answers1. Minimize weed competition
- Limit the weed's reproduction in order to manage the weed population in years to come.
Distinguish grasses from broadleaf plants and herbaceous from woody plants correct answersGrasses are considered monocots, meaning they have a single seed leaf, they also have narrow leaves with parallel veins and a fibrous root system.Broadleaf plants have two seed leaves and are therefore called dicots, they have broad leaves with veins that form net patterns. 1 / 4
Broadleaf plants can be further classified into herbaceous and woody, where the woody plants have a thick layer of dense tissue called bark, which herbaceous plants lack.Describe the life cycles and propagation of annual, biennial, and perennial plants correct answersAnnual plants live for less than a year, they produce many seeds in one growing season, and then die.Summer annuals winter as seeds, and winter annuals winter as a low-growing plant, both summer and winter annuals are easiest to control when they are small.Biennial plants live for two growing seasons, they germinate from seed in the spring or summer and winter as a rosette of leaves.They flower in their second year, produce seeds and then die. Both annuals and biennials reproduce only by seed.Perennial plants live for at least 2 years and sometimes longer, they may reproduce by seed or vegetatively through several different mechanisms.What is needed to kill annual, biennial, and perennial weeds and when is it easiest to do so? correct answersTo kill annuals or biennials, you must kill the whole shoot. Controlling these weeds with tillage or herbicides will kill them plus stop seed production, which will reduce future weed problems.The most effective way to kill perennials is to destroy the underground vegetative structures by either repeatedly tilling the soil or by using a herbicide that translocates to destroy all of the plant parts.Do state and local laws require landowners to control certain weeds to prevent their spread? correct answersYes!How should you time herbicide application with respect to a plant's life cycle and which timing is most effective? correct answersAll weeds may start as seedlings and it is most effective to treat the plants at this stage because less energy is required to kill the plants at this stage than at any other. 2 / 4
Biennials and annuals are controlled by a fall or early spring treatment, and perennials are controlled best with a fall treatment as well.
Chapter 2: Pesticides correct answers
Define the word pesticide and explain how the word differs from specific types of pesticides. correct answersAny substance used to directly control (inhibit, repel, reduce, kill) pest populations or to prevent or reduce pest damage.Encompasses insecticides, etc.Explain the difference between organic and inorganic pesticides. correct answersOrganic: carbon- containing compounds, mostly synthetic, powerful.Inorganic: derived from minerals in nature, generally toxic (vs. targeted), less effective.Explain the term "mode of action" and how it relates to pesticide resistance. correct answersHow a pesticide works to kill or harm a pest.Certain pests develop resistance to certain modes of action (countered through rotating modes).Compare selective and nonselective herbicides correct answersSelective: only harm certain plants, if applied correctly at the right time.
Nonselective: will injure most or all plants.
Explain the term "persistence," and how it relates to a pesticide's performance and potential to cause environmental harm. correct answersHow long a pesticide remains active to control pests (residual activity).Highly persistent pesticides control pests for a longer period of time, but have more potential to contaminate the environment and nontarget organisms. 3 / 4
Explain the difference between the different types of pesticide names correct answersTrade name: one or more specific names for a specific commercial formulation of a particular active ingredient Chemical name: complies with accepted guidelines established by chemists, frequently long.
Common name: simplified chemical name.
Outline what an herbicide needs to do to kill weeds. correct answers1. Absorbed into plant through leaves, stems, or roots.
- Translocated to sensitive part of plant (if necessary).
- Block important process in plant (e.g. photosynthesis).
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What are the uses and characteristics of contact and systemic herbicides? correct answersContact herbicides do not move within the plant, they are sprayed on and only kill the parts of the plant they actually touch.Systemic herbicides are absorbed through leaves or roots and then move or translocate within the treated plant.What are the effects of soil texture and organic matter content on application of soil herbicides? correct answersSoil organic matter and clay particles can adsorb soil-applied herbicides, meaning more herbicide will be required in these types of soils because the herbicide will be bound to the soil particles and will not be available to be absorbed by the weeds.How do you keep soil herbicides from moving off target? correct answersDo not apply herbicides to areas where they may leach into groundwater, or run off into water sources or cropping areas.Also avoid applying herbicides to areas where desired tree and shrub roots may extend and DO NOT apply herbicides to frozen soils.