- | P a g e
CMN 552 Exam 1 Question and answers already passed
Question : What two neurotransmitters are most implicated in
the pathophysiology of mood disorders?
Correct answer: norepinephrine and serotonin
Question : How are dopamine levels affected in depression
and mania?
Correct answer: Dopamine activity may be reduced in
depression and increased in mania
Question : How does depression affect sleep
neurophysiology?
Correct answer: Loss of deep (slow-wave) sleep Increase in
nocturnal arousal. The latter is reflected by four types of
disturbance: (1) an increase in nocturnal awakenings, (2) a
reduction in total sleep time, (3) increased phasic rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and (4) increased core body temperature. T
Question : What is the most common abnormality found in
structural and functional brain imaging in depressive disorders?
- | P a g e
Correct answer: Increased frequency of abnormal
hyperintensities in subcortical regions, such as periventricular regions, the basal ganglia, and the thalamus
Question : What cognitive distortions are commonly seen in
depressed patients?
Correct answer: (1) views about the self —a negative self-
precept, (2) about the environment—a tendency to experience the world as hostile and demanding, and (3) about the future—the expectation of suffering and failure
Question : What is learned helplessness?
Correct answer: the hopelessness and passive resignation an
animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
Question : What "specifiers" are used to describe patients
with various mood disorders?
Correct answer: Table 8.1-7
Question : What factors are associated with a poor prognosis
for patients with mood disorders?Correct answer: MDD: The percentage of patients recovering after repeated hospitalization decreases with passing time.
- | P a g e
Generally, as a patient experiences more and more depressive episodes, the time between the episodes decreases, and the
severity of each episode increases. Bipolar I: Have a poorer
prognosis than do patients with major depressive disorder.About 40 to 50 percent of patients with bipolar I disorder may have a second manic episode within 2 years of the first episode. poor occupational status, alcohol dependence, psychotic features, depressive features, interepisode depressive features, and male gender were all factors that contributed a poor prognosis. Short duration of manic episodes, advanced age of onset, few suicidal thoughts, and few coexisting psychiatric or medical problems predict a
better outcome. Bipolar II: The course and prognosis of
bipolar II disorder indicate that the diagnosis is stable because there is a high likelihood that patients with bipolar II disorder will have the same diagnosis up to 5 years later. Bipolar II disorder is a chronic disease that warrants long-term treatment strategies.
Question : What is endogenous depression?
Correct answer: depression with no apparent cause
Question : What characteristics would the clinician see if a
patient presented with atypical features in a depressed patient?
- | P a g e
Correct answer: Catatonic features Postpartum onset Rapid
cycling Seasonal features Significant weight gain Hypersomnia Leaden paralysis
Question : What diagnostic criteria are required for a patient
to receive a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder?
Correct answer: *Five (or more) of the following symptoms
have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Depressed most of the day, nearly every day as indicated by subjective report (e.g., feels sad, empty, hopeless) or observation made by others (e.g., appears tearful) Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day (as indicated by subjective account or observation) Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain (e.g., change of more than 5% of body weight in a month), or decrease or increase in appetite nearly every day Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day (observable by others, not merely subjective feelings of restlessness or being slowed down) Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt (which may be delusional) nearly every day (not merely self-reproach or guilt about being sick).Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day (either by subjective account or as observed