Conceptual Foundations 6th Edition Friberg Test Bank
Chapter 01: A Brief History of Professional Nursing in the United States
MULTIPLE CHOICE
- Historically, women were considered the obvious choice for nursing sick patients, because
- caring for others was an extension of their homemaker role.
- early nurses were nuns, so the public was used to women in nursing.
- men, who had education, were reluctant to try nursing.
- women were often at home anyway, so caregiving was easy.
ANS: A
Women’s domestic role (as homemakers and mothers) was naturally associated with the caregiving required in nursing. Although religious orders did play a role in health care, it was the domestic duties of women that set the stage for their involvement in nursing.Widespread education for men and women is a fairly new phenomenon and did not play a role in the early history of nursing. Women did not care for sick or injured strangers in their homes, so being at home was irrelevant.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: 3 TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: NCLEX Client Needs: N/A
- Florence Nightingale’s views about trained nurses were most influenced by her
- experiences in wartime.
- ideas about sanitation.
- relationships with physicians.
- view of education.
ANS: A
Nightingale’s experiences in wartime demonstrated to her that trained nurses were valuable in decreasing morbidity and mortality among soldiers. Nightingale had revolutionary ideas about hospital sanitation, but these are not credited with her advocacy of using trained nurses.Early trained nurses were taught to follow the directions of the physician; collegial relationships were not a part of health care practice in Nightingale’s day.Nightingale’s views of education were influenced by her opinion on the value of trained nurses, not the other way around.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: 3 TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: NCLEX Client Needs: N/A
- A nursing instructor explains to students that the major goal of the Society of Superintendents
- improve working conditions for students.
- obtain legal recognition for the profession.
- raise and standardize the training of nurses.
- reverse discrimination in admissions policies.
of Training Schools for Nurses of the United States and Canada was to
ANS: C 1 / 4
The goals of the Society of Superintendents were “to promote fellowship of members, to establish and maintain a universal standard of training, and to further the best interests of the nursing profession.” Students were expected to work in apprenticeships during their education in the hospital-based programs in existence at the time.Obtaining legal recognition for nurses was the goal of the Nurses’ Associated Alumnae of the United States and Canada, later renamed the American Nurses Association.Discrimination in nursing existed well into the civil rights era and beyond, with men and women of color routinely being banned from admission and employment.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: 4 TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: NCLEX Client Needs: N/A
- Today’s nurse understands that legal recognition for nurses was imperative to
- allow nurses to expand beyond the hospital setting.
- lobby for better wages and working conditions.
- protect the public from untrained nurses.
- provide hospitals with accreditation requirements.
ANS: C
The goal of the Nurses’ Associated Alumnae of the United States and Canada (renamed the American Nurses Association in 1912) was to protect the public from untrained nurses by securing legal recognition for trained nurses.Graduate nurses predominantly worked as private duty nurses up through the early 20th century.Wages remained low, and working conditions remained long and arduous in hospitals (and seasonal for private duty nurses) until hospitals began hiring more graduate nurses in the 1930s.Hospital accreditation is a recent phenomenon, unattached to legal recognition for nurses.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: 4 TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: NCLEX Client Needs: N/A
- Which patient would most likely have been cared for in a hospital in the 19th to early 20th
- Dying patient
- Contagious patient
- Homeless patient
- Woman in labor
century?
ANS: C
Hospitals were considered places for people who had no one else to care for them.Most patients were cared for in their homes. A dying patient probably would have been cared for at home.A patient with a communicable illness would have probably been confined to his or her home.Women in labor typically had their children at home.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: 5 TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: NCLEX Client Needs: N/A
- Lillian Wald’s contribution to nursing can best be described as the
- creation of community health nursing. 2 / 4
- development of college-based nursing schools.
- establishment of the Navy Nurse Corps.
- foundation of maternal-child nursing.
ANS: A
Wald responded to the changing social conditions in the late 1800s by establishing the Henry Street Settlement and Henry Street Visiting Nurse Services in response to the horrendous health conditions she witnessed in New York City.Wald was not involved in establishing college-based nursing programs.Wald was not involved in establishing the Navy Nurse Corps.Wald was not involved in establishing maternal-child nursing as a specialty, although she did care for many new mothers and their infants as part of her community nursing role.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: 7 TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: NCLEX Client Needs: N/A
- Which event eventually led to the creation of military nursing?
- American Civil War
- Spanish-American War
- World War I
- World War II
ANS: B
During the Spanish-American War, trained nurses cared for soldiers suffering from yellow fever. This convinced the military and Congress of the need for qualified nurses and set the stage for the eventual creation of the Army Nurse Corps in 1901 and the Navy Nurse Corps in 1908.During the Civil War, bothTsEidSeTs wBaAnNteKdSwEoLmLenEtRo.cCarOe Mfor injured and ill soldiers, but these women were mostly untrained volunteers from the middle and upper classes.World War I occurred after the creation of the Army Nurse Corps and the Navy Nurse Corps.World War II occurred after the creation of the Army Nurse Corps and the Navy Nurse Corps.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: 8 TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: NCLEX Client Needs: N/A
- A faculty nurse explaining the stratification in nursing roles seen today tells students that the
- desegregation in nursing.
- limited nursing opportunities.
- the Korean conflict.
- World War II.
most important event leading to this development was
ANS: D
The United States’ involvement in World War II dramatically increased the demand for trained nurses. To help fill this need, the American Red Cross and the Office of Civilian Defense co-established a program to train nurse aides. The success of the program encouraged hospitals to use employees with various levels of skill.Desegregation in nursing did come about in the same era as stratification, but it was not instrumental in creating this differentiated practice.Nursing opportunities were increasing throughout the 20th century.Role stratification was already entrenched by the Korean conflict. 3 / 4
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: 11 TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: NCLEX Client Needs: N/A
- Discrimination against African American nurses began to wane during
- Kennedy’s presidency.
- the civil rights era.
- the Vietnam War.
- World War II.
ANS: D
World War II saw discrimination against African Americans begin to wane with the end of segregation in the military Nurse Corps. At the end of World War II, many state nurses associations ended their discrimination in membership as well; by 1952, all state nurses associations had eliminated such discriminatory policies.Kennedy’s presidency, although known for civil rights advancements, was not when discrimination began to end.The civil rights era occurred at approximately the same time as the Kennedy era.The Vietnam War occurred at the same time as Kennedy’s presidency and civil rights era.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: 11 |12 TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: NCLEX Client Needs: N/A
- Between the years 1950 and 1967, the number of nurses and assistive personnel rose
- Children’s Bureau.
- Hill-Burton Act.
- Nurse Training Act.
- Social Security Act.
dramatically in part as a result of the influence of the
ANS: C
The Nurse Training Act provided funding for nursing student education through scholarships, loans, recruitment, school construction and maintenance, and special educational projects.Until its passage, federal funding for nursing education was modest at best.The Children’s Bureau was created in 1912 in response to concerns about women and children’s health.The Hill-Burton Act provided federal funds for hospital construction and health care centers.The Social Security Act of 1935 included financial aid for older adults and Title V health care benefits for children with disabilities.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: 13 TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: NCLEX Client Needs: N/A
- Mildred Montag’s major contribution to nursing is considered to be
- encouraging minority women and men to enter nursing.
- establishing associate degree nursing programs.
- fighting for improved wages and recognition for nurses.
- paving the way for the military to use trained nurses.
ANS: B
In response to the severe nursing shortage in the post–World War II years, Montag proposed a 2-year nursing associate degree that would prepare technical nurses in community colleges.
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