Environmental Health Exam 1 Notes with Complete Solutions Latest Updated Ch 1 Learning Objectives - Correct Answer -describe how environmental health problems impact our lives -describe the potential impacts of population growth upon the environment -state a definition of the term environmental health -list at least 5 major events in the history of environmental health -identify current issues in the environmental health field -describe employment opportunities in the environmental health field Environmental Health (Definition) - Correct Answer "Promote health for all through a healthy environment." - Healthy People 2010 Physical Environment - Correct Answer air, water, soil Social Environment - Correct Answer housing, transport, urban development, land use, industry, agriculture, exposures like work-related stress and violence.Threats to the Environment - Correct Answer -trash -hazardous wastes in disposal sites -air pollution -toxic chemical exposure -deforestation Principal Determinants of Health - Correct Answer -three 'P's - pollution, population, and poverty -Prof Warren Winkelstein -three Ps are associated with each other 1 / 4
Negative Impacts of Population Growth - Correct Answer 10-12 billion during 21st century, estimated
- billion by 2018-2028.
-overtaxing carrying capacity -food insecurity -loss of biodiversity -food industry: crowded animals in factories lead to pandemics (bird flu from poultry farms in Asia) -conversion of large rural and forested areas into cities (urbanization) -urbanization increases rate of morbidity and mortality.-increased burden of disease, whether chronic, communicable, or degenerative.-increased poverty as living spaces decline and pop density increases.Population Dynamics - Correct Answer interrelationships among set of variables that influence the demographic makeup of populations, and variables that influence growth/decline of population sizes.-size, age, sex, fertility, death rates, migration.Fertility - Correct Answer total fertility rate (TFR) - estimate of completed fertility. indicates how many births a woman would have by the end of her reproductive life.Natural population replacement rate is 2.1 TFR is around 2.0 to 2.1 births per woman in the US. 2 / 4
-over 3.5 during baby boom era.Mortality - Correct Answer declined over time through public health measures, famine control, and availability of drugs and vaccines.Migration - Correct Answer cause of population growth -search for economic betterment -escape from persecution -relief from unstable conditions Demographic Transition - Correct Answer alterations over time in a population's fertility, mortality and make-up.-three stages of "transition" pyramid
- First stage.
- Second stage.
- Third stage.
-most of pop is young and fertility/mortality rates are high. Overall, small pop.
-drop in mortality rates. fertility rates remain high. rapid increase in pop among younger groups.
-dropping fertility rates that cause a more even distribution of the pop according to age/sex.Epidemiologic Transition - Correct Answer shift in pattern of morbidity and mortality from causes related to infectious disease, communicable disease, chronic disease.-accompanies the demographic transition.-has already occurred in most developed countries over a century. 3 / 4
Negative Impacts of Pollution - Correct Answer -combustion of fossil fuels -global warming -disease carrying insects Negative Impacts of Poverty - Correct Answer -determinant of adverse health outcomes.Issues in Environmental Health Field - Correct Answer - 40% world's deaths caused by environmental factors.-most chronic diseases are result of interactions between environmental and genetic factors.-vulnerable subgroups: elderly, disabled and chronically ill, pregnant women, children -developing countries have worse problems than developed countries due to better access to medical care and pollution controls in developed countries, even though developed world has more industrial pollution.Environmental Risk Transition - Correct Answer changes in environmental risks that happen as a consequence of economic development in underdeveloped regions of the world.-typically household disks, such as poor food, air, and water quality.-diarrhea from poor hygiene or water, respiratory diseases because of indoor air pollution and poor housing, and malaria.Urbanization - Correct Answer -5% in 1800 to 50% in 2000
factors that lead to urbanization:
-industrialization -food availability -employment opportunities -lifestyle considerations
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