Essentials of Pathophysiology Final Exam

Essentials of Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide

• Know physiological reactions in the body during “fight or flight

response”

• Blood vessels, pupils dilate, release epinephrine, norepinephrine

• Define ventilation
• Process of moving air into the lungs

• Know causes of edema

1) increased capillary hydrostatic pressure 2) loss of plasma proteins 3) obstruction of lymphatic circulation 4) increased capillary permeability

• Define sign, symptom, subjective data, contraindication- know

how they are each used in diagnosis

• Subjective data- collected data from a patient’s feeling
• Sign- observed by nurses
• Symptom- what/how patient feels
• Contraindication- Treatments or procedures that may harm a

client

• Know electrolytes that are higher in intracellular fluid
• Potassium

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• Know clinical manifestations of appendicitis and peptic ulcer

disease, be able to identify both

- Appendicitis: Pain in right lower quadrant (RLQ); McBurney’s

point

- Peptic Ulcer: Epigastric or abdominal pain, heartburn

• Know steps of laceration correction, know what end goal is—

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• Hemostasis, Inflammatory, Proliferative, and Maturation.

Hemostasis, the first phase of healing, begins at the onset of injury, and the objective is to stop the bleeding

• Know clinical manifestations of ARF—high and low levels of

what in the lungs

- Clinical Manifestations:

• Shallow respirations • Headache • Tachycardia • Dysrhythmias • Lethargy • Confusion In acute respiratory failure O2 is low and CO2 is high (d/t hypoventilation)

• Know the cause of a pulmonary embolism (PE)
• Causes deep vein thrombosis, clot in leg migrates

• Know tool to determine the level of consciousness
• Glasgow Coma Scale 2 / 3

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• Define cystitis, pyelonephritis—know difference

- Cystitis: Infections in the bladder area; in women (E. coli)

- Pyelonephritis: Ascending urinary tract infection (E. coli)

• Know outcomes of imbalance in PTH, ADH, calcitonin—

what electrolyte is high/low

• Low levels of anti-diuretic hormone will cause the kidneys to excrete

too much water

• Know phases of acute kidney injury -

Onset phase: Kidney injury occurs.

Oliguric (anuric) phase: Urine output decreases from renal

tubule damage.

Diuretic phase: The kidneys try to heal and urine output

increases, but tubule scarring, and damage occurs. Recovery

phase: Tubular edema resolves, and renal function improves.

• Know common findings of ARDS

(acute respiratory distress syndrome)

• SOB

• Fast heart rate, fast breathing; rapid, shallow breaths • Cough that produces phlegm • Blue fingernails aka cyanosis • Fatigue • Fever • Crackling sounds in the lungs

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