Exam 1: BIO322 / BIO 322 (Latest
2024 / 2025 Update) Applied Pathophysiology Exam | Questions and Verified Answers | 100% Correct | Grade A - GCU
Question:
hypernatremia
Answer:
high sodium in the blood, diabetes insipidus, hypersecretion of aldosterone retention of sodium ions in exchange for K (hypokalcemia). common manifestations include restlessness, hyperreflexia,
Question:
hyponatremia
Answer:
low sodium in the blood, SIADH, kidney or liver dysfunction. common manifestations include lethargy, hyporeflexia
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Question:
hypokalemia
Answer:
low potassium in the blood, caused by alkalosis, loss of K. manifestations include muscle weakness, depressed and flattened T waves
Question:
hyperkalemia
Answer:
low potassium in the blood. caused by acidosis, trauma, decreased renal excretion of K from renal failure. manifestations include tall peaked T waves and muscle twitches
Question:
hypocalcemia
Answer:
deficient calcium, caused by vitamin D deficiency or hypoparathyroidism.common manifestations include hyperreflexia and tetany, trousseau sign, LONG QT interval
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Question:
hypercalcemia
Answer:
excessive calcium caused by hyperparathyroidism or bone metastasis.common manifestations include hyporeflexia, painful bones, renal stones.short QT interval
Question:
anion gap
Answer:
normal anion gap is between 10-12 from (Sodium levels - [chloride + bicarbonate levels]). high anion is anything over 12, caused by DKA or lactic acidosis
Question:
metabolic acidosis
Answer:
low pH, HCO3 levels lower than 22 caused by shock, DKA or lactic acidosis.common manifestations include tachycardia, confusion, fatigue and lethargy.compensation could be low carbon dioxide levels
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