Exam 2 coverage: - Latest Nutrition factors of aging adults, inclu...

Week 4:

Exam 2 coverage:

NR 228 Review for Exam 2 Latest 2023 / 2024 Nutrition factors of aging adults, including malnutrition Role of adults in feeding children and factors that influence nutrition in children Protein intake related to life span Protein intake specific increase by g/kg severe stress

Iron needs: men vs women

Vitamin D uptake related to aging adults Noninvasive measurements Screening of hospitalize patients for nutritional status

Types of diets: clear liquid, full liquid, enteral feeding, low fiber,

soft, high calorie, high protein Commercial enteral formula vs home-blended enteral formula Alcohol abuse and liver disorders

• Ch. 10: Nutrition Across the Lifespan

• Ch. 11: Nutrition Assessment & Patient Care

• Ch. 12: Food-Related Issues

Week 6:

• Ch. 13: Nutrition for Disorders of the GI tract

• Ch. 14: Nutrition for the Disorders of the

Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

• Ch. 15: Nutrition for Diabetes Mellitus

Week 7:

• Ch. 16: Nutrition in Metabolic Stress: Burns, Trauma, and Surgery

• Ch. 17: Nutrition for Cardiopulmonary Diseases

• Ch. 18: Nutrition for Diseases of the Kidneys

• Ch. 20: Nutrition in Cancer and HIV/AIDS

Transmission of hepatitis, risk factors for hepatitis, diets for patients with hepatitis Care of patients with ascites, cirrhosis, hepatic encephalopathy Pancreatitis related to enteral feedings

Cystic fibrosis: cause, diet for

Type 2 diabetes Hemoglobin A1C (HgbA1C) desired lab value Main difference between types of exogenous insulin Cause of constipation in pregnant women Outcome of pregnant women with high blood glucose – related to newborn Drug therapy for children with type 2 diabetes

Cholesterol: LDL, HDL

Dietary protection for cancer prevention

Review vitamins related to: energy use, reproduction needs, blood formation

Difference between primary and secondary malnutrition Ways to measure adequate diet intake 1 / 2

Nursing diagnoses for patients with inadequate nutrition DASH diet

Random notes: (from Quiz 2)

• CIRRHOSIS: The ammonia levels become high, leading to → hepatic encephalopathy

“cerebral intoxication” (severe confusion). The patient is administered lactulose, which has a laxative effect. The client defecates, lowering ↓ the build-up of ammonia, correcting the encephalopathy that comes with cirrhosis

• The patient may have to have the gallbladder removed (cholecystectomy) if the

gallstones increase and the symptoms become intolerable

DIABETES

• Type 1 DM: The pt. does not make insulin & REQUIRES insulin to lower blood sugar

and to allow nutrients to enter and feed the cells.

▪ 3 P’s: Polydipsia, Polyphagia, and Polyuria

• Polydipsia (drink a lot due to extreme thirst) • Polyphagia (eat a lot) • Polyuria (urinate a lot)

▪ Greatest risk: DEHYDRATION- drink out of extreme thirst and should

not have fluids withheld.▪ Hypoglycemia (blood sugar that is too low <70)

• Type 2 DM: pt. still makes their own insulin, but the cells FAIL to respond to the

insulin produced

• Gestational Diabetes = diabetes during pregnancy

▪ baby is usually LARGER than normal ▪ baby & mother have a HIGHER ↑ propensity to become Type 2 Diabetics later on

• Stressors, including illness, makes the BS go so much higher that a pt. might require

insulin injections, even if they are on the oral form of diabetic medication.

LECTURE NOTES (11/19):

• Healthiest babies: ones that are nursed by their mother; babies need their initial

colostrum to help with passive immunity (natural immunity that a baby gets from their mother)

• lactation can occur because of the rise of oxytocin; prolactin is responsible for

making the milk; oxytocin is responsible for letting that milk bringing that breast to the nipple “milk lets down” and milk goes down mammary glands so that the baby can get it. (p. 189)

• GERD & Pregnancy: heartburn → little baby right on the bladder and the bowels and

it adds pressure to the abdomen which increases pressure on the abdomen and pushes gastric contents back UP the esophagus; can be a problem during pregnancy

• uterus pushes the stomach inwards, and that pressure pushes the gastric

contents up through the sphincter that should keep it out

• when they sleep at night, they can get horrible heartburn and belch often;

also: constipation (slows GI motility); adding puking + dehydration can make

dehydration worse.

o Rickets: Vitamin D deficiency

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