Exam 2 Review Study Guide

NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology

Exam 2 Review Study Guide What are the three stages of AKI presentation?(ANS-

• Prodromal
• Oliguric
• post-oliguric

Causes of chronic kidney disease (ANS-

• Outcome of progressive and irrevocable loss of functional nephrons.
• Due to kidney not recovering

• Can lead up to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) which requires dialysis Risk Factors of chronic kidney disease (ANS-

• Diabetes
• Hypertension
• Recurrent pyelonephritis
• Polycystic kidney disease
• History of exposure to toxins
• Age over 65
• Ethnicity (African American male higher risk) 1 / 3

complications of chronic kidney disease (ANS-

• hypertension and cardiovascular disease
• uremic syndrome
• metabolic acidosis
• electrolyte imbalances
• bone and mineral disorders
• malnutrition
• anemia
• pain
• depression

Hypertension and cardiovascular disease (ANS-

• (increased blood volume) Hypervolemia, escalated atherosclerotic process

Uremic Syndrome (ANS-

• Can't get rid of normal metabolic waste

Retention of metabolic wastes, impaired healing, pruritusm dermatitis, and uremic frost (itching & discomfort) . Metabolic acidosis (ANS-

• Retention of acidic waste products, hyperkalemia 2 / 3

Electrolyte Imbalances (ANS-

• Retained potassium (hyperkalemia), phosphorus, and magnesium

Bone and mineral disorders (ANS- Elevated phosphorus and PTH causes altered bone/mineral metabolism.Kidneys are unable to reabsorb calcium (body steals calcium from parts of the body) Malnutrition (ANS-

• Decreased intake, depression, and dietary limitations (Decreased salt, protein and

potassium) Anemia (ANS-

• Lack of erythropoietin (produces new RBC), uremia shortens RBCs life

Pain (ANS-

• Many reasons; disease itself, treatment, comorbidities

Depression (ANS-

• Comorbid conditions; disease itself; disruption of social interactions and

relationships

• / 3