NUR 2 063:Essentials of Pathophysiology
Final Exam Key Concepts What do you need to watch for in a patient with low potassium (Hypokalemia)?(ANS- Need to monitor the heart for any abnormalities, EKG abnormalities, and
WNL (3.5-5)
What happens during the alarm stage of adaptation syndrome?(ANS- Increased heart rate, catecholamines, cortisols, epinepherine increased heart rate. Stress response increases blood glucose.How does the body respond to catecholamines?(ANS- Increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, brachial dilation, stress, and increased blood sugar levels.What is the function of albumin?(ANS- Maintain osmotic pressure, intravascular volume pulling into space.What is the function of aldosterone?(ANS- Causes retention of sodium in the body, and water depleting K levels.Renin, angio, tension aldosterone system (RASH) What is allostasis?(ANS- The restoration of homeostasis.What are the different fluid compartments?(ANS- Intracellular (inside), extracellular (outside), interstitial (between) What is iatrogenic?(ANS- Of or relating to illness caused by medical examination or treatment.Colonoscopy screening after 50 years (ANS- Done every 10 years to look for cancer and polyps Adolescent girls and breast self-examination screening (ANS- Every month 1 / 3
Primary function of bone marrow (ANS- To produce RBC, WBC, platelets. Hematopoiesis Assessment findings with localized inflammation (ANS- Heart, swelling, redness, and pain Leukocytosis means (ANS- Increased number of WBC in the body What is leukemia?(ANS- Abnormal production of WBC/proliferation. (4k-11k) Define cachexia (ANS- Weakness associated with cancer/chronic illness, weight loss and muscle loss What happens with gout?(ANS- Abnormal uric acid metabolism, and crystals.What are collagen fibers?(ANS- Scar formation after healing.What process results in osteoporosis?(ANS- Imbalance of bone re-absorption and bone formation.What does purulent exudate and serous exudate mean?(ANS- Serous transparent (blister) pale yellow. Purulent pus (WBC and bacteria) Priority assessment with myasthenia crisis (ANS- Affects muscle paralysis of respiratory muscles, possible respiratory attack, check respiration, check ventilation Complication with compartment syndrome (ANS- tissue damage/pain, possible necrosis, hypoxia, 5 P's Stress and peptic ulcer relation (ANS- Too much stress=decreased blood flow to the stomach, develops ulcers. (H.pylori) 2 / 3
Cause of Hirschsprung's disease (ANS- Develops improper colon, innervation of the colon/large intestine.Autonomic ganglia are reduced or absent.Function of parietal cells of gastric mucosa (ANS- Vitamin B12 secreted by preital (gastric mucosa production), intrinsic factor Frequent location of peptic ulcer (ANS- Duodenum/stomach What is occult blood?(ANS- Blood in stool, test general testing Kidneys (ANS- The slope of nephrons What is the anabolic process?(ANS- Catabolism=broken down into simple structures Anabolic=building complex structures Genetic defect associated with cystitis (ANS- Back flow of urine vesicoureteral reflux, causes inflammation, bladder inflammation pyelonephritis-infection of the kidneys nephritis-inflammation of the kidneys Hormone associated with dysfunctional uterine bleeding (ANS- Menstruation is estrogen, pre progesterone Causes of pyelonephritis (ANS- Infection from E. coli (wipe from front to back) Symptoms with BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) (ANS- Difficult urination, oliguria (low urine output), dribbling When is the Renin-angiotensin system activated?(ANS- Regulates BP, fluids, and electrolytes. Release Renin, aldosterone system, acute kidney injuries, low BP, and nephron.
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