FINAL Exam: NUR631 NUR 631 Latest

FINAL Exam: NUR631 / NUR 631 (Latest 2025 / 2026

Update) Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology Exam | Questions and Verified Answers | 100% Correct | Grade A - GCU Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which problem?Circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues.Complement and chemotaxis are deficient.Underlying chronic illness(es) exists.

Number of mast cells is insufficient. - ANSWER - ANS: C

In some cases, impaired healing is not directly associated with aging, in general, but can instead be linked to a chronic illness such as cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus. Older adults may have circulatory problems, but that would not lead directly to impaired inflammation and wound healing. Older people do not have deficient complement and chemotaxis, nor do they have insufficient mast cell numbers.In which structure does B lymphocytes mature and undergo changes that commit them to becoming B cells?Thymus gland Regional lymph nodes Bone marrow

Spleen - ANSWER - ANS: C 1 / 4

B lymphocytes mature and become B cells in specialized (primary) lymphoid organs—the thymus gland for T cells and the bone marrow for B cells. Neither regional lymph nodes nor the spleen are involved in changing B lymphocytes into B cells.An individual's acquired immunity is dependent on the function of which cells? (Select all that apply.) T lymphocytes B lymphocytes Macrophages Opsonins

Neutrophils - ANSWER - ANS: A, B, C

T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells are involved in acquired immunity. Opsonins are molecules that tag microorganisms for destruction by cells of the inflammatory system; these cells are primarily neutrophils. Neutrophils are white blood cells.The common hay fever allergy is expressed through a reaction that is mediated by which class of immunoglobulins?IgE IgG IgM

T cells - ANSWER - ANS: A

Type I reactions are mediated by antigen-specific IgE and the products of tissue mast cells. The most common allergies (e.g., pollen allergies) are type I reactions. In addition, most type I reactions occur against environmental antigens and are therefore allergic. Hay fever allergy is not mediated by IgG, IgM, or T cells. 2 / 4

During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, which leukocyte is activated?

• Neutrophils
• Monocytes
• Eosinophils

d. T lymphocytes - ANSWER - ANS: C

Of the options provided, only eosinophils are activated during IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions.During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, what causes bronchospasm?

• Bronchial edema caused by the chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis
• Bronchial edema caused by binding of the cytotropic antibody
• Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H1 receptors
• Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H2 receptors - ANSWER -

ANS: C

During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H1 receptors results in bronchospasms. The bronchospasm is not caused by edema or by histamine binding to H2 receptors.A patient is having an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. What action by the healthcare professional is best?

• Give the patient an antihistamine.
• Prepare to give the patient a blood transfusion.
• Ask the patient is he/she is having pain at the site. 3 / 4

• Apply warm, moist heat to the affected area. - ANSWER - ANS: A

Histamine is the most potent mediator in an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction (Type 1).Histamine bound to H2 results in the degranulation of mast cells with the release of histamine.Blocking histamine receptors with antihistamines can control some type I responses. The healthcare professional would not need to give the patient blood; warm; moist heat; or ask about pain.A student asks about the mechanism that results in type II hypersensitivity reactions. What description by the professor is best?

• Antibodies coat mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation,

followed by a discharge of preformed mediators.

• Antibodies bind to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids, and the

immune complexes are then deposited in the tissues.

• Cytotoxic T lymphocytes or lymphokine-producing helper T 1 cells directly attack

and destroy cellular targets.

• Antibodies bind to the antigens on the cell surface. - ANSWER - ANS: D

The mechanism that results in a type II hypersensitivity reaction begins with antibody binding to tissue-specific antigens or antigens that have attached to particular tissues. The cell can be destroyed by antibody IgG or IgM and activation of the complement cascade through the classical pathway.How are target cells destroyed in a type II hypersensitivity reaction?

• Tissue damage from mast cell degranulation
• Antigen-antibody complexes deposited in vessel walls
• Cytotoxic T lymphocytes attack the cell directly.
• Natural killer cells - ANSWER - ANS: D
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