Fundies Test #2 Study Guide
1.Describe the inflammatory process (Chp. 29 pg. 446) ●Neutralizes and eliminates pathogens or dead (necrotic) tissues and establishes a means of repairing body cells and tissues.●Signs of localized inflammation include swelling, redness, heat, pain or tenderness, and loss of function in the affected body part.●When inflammation becomes systemic becomes systemic, other signs and symptoms develop, including fever, increased white blood cells (WBCs), malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lymph node enlargement, or organ failure.●The inflammatory response includes vascular and cellular responses, formation of inflammatory exudate (fluid and cells that are discharged from cells or blood vessels (such as pus or serum), and tissue repair.●The accumulation of fluid appears as localized swelling (edema).
- What types of patients are susceptible to infection? (chp. 29 pg. 449)
Multiple factors influence a patient’s susceptibility to infection.
●Age:
○Infants:
■Has immature defenses against infection ■Born with only the antibodies provided by the mother, infants immune system is incapable of producing the necessary immunoglobulins and WBCs to adequate ly fight some infections.■Breastfed infants often have greater immunity than bottle-fed infants because they receive their mothers antibodies through breast milk.■As child grows the immune system matures
○Younger or middle-age adults:
■Has refined defenses against infection ■Viruses are most common in young or middle-age adults ■Defenses against infection change with aging ■Immune response, particularly cell-mediated immunity, declines.■Older adults undergo alterations in the structure and function of skin, urinary tract, and lungs. 1 / 3
■Older adults who are hospitalized or reside in an assisted-living facility are at risk for airborne infections.
●Nutritional status:
○Reduction in the intake of protein and other nutrients such as carbohydrates and fats reduce body defenses against infection and impairs wound healing.○Pts with illnesses such as burns and febrile conditions are at risk for infections
●Stress:
○During the alarm stage the basal metabolic increases as the body uses energy stores.○Adrenocorticotropic hormone increases serum glucose levels and decreases unnecessary ant-inflammatory responses through the release of cortisone.○If stress continues or becomes intense, elevated cortisone levels results in decreased resistance to infection.
●Disease process:
○Pts with diseases of the immune system are at risk for infection ○Leukemia, AIDS, lymphoma, and aplastic anemia are conditions that compromise a host by weakening defenses against infectious organisms.○Pts with chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and multiple sclerosis are also more susceptible to infection because of general debilitation and nutritional impairment.○Disease like emphysema and bronchitis, cancer, and peripheral vascular disease increase susceptibility to infection.
- Define medical and surgical asepsis (chp. 29 pg. 455-456 467)
Medical asepsis- Asepsis is the absence of pathogenic (disease producing) microorganisms. Aseptic technique refers to the practices/ procedures that help reduce the risk for infection. Basic medical aseptic techniques break the chain of infection.Hand hygiene, barrier techniques, and routine environmental cleaning are examples of medical asepsis. Principles of medical asepsis are also commonly followed in the home; examples are performing hand hygiene with soap and water before preparing food, after using the bathroom, or after touching what are interpreted as dirty objects. 2 / 3
Surgical Asepsis- Surgical asepsis or sterile technique prevents contamination of an open wound, serves to isolate an operative area from the unsterile environment, and maintains a sterile eld for surgery. In surgical asepsis an area or object is considered contaminated if touched by any object that is not sterile. It demands the highest level of aseptic technique and requires that all areas be kept free of infectious microorganisms.Where is it used? Surgical asepsis is common in the operating room, labor and delivery area, and major diagnostic areas, you also use surgical aseptic techniques at the patient’s bedside (e.g., when inserting IV or urinary catheters, suctioning the tracheobronchial airway, and sterile dressing changes).When it's used?● During procedures that require intentional perforation of the patient’s skin, such as insertion of peripheral IV catheters or a central intravenous line ●When the integrity of the skin is broken as a result of trauma, surgical incision, or burns ● During procedures that involve invasive procedures such as insertion of a urinary catheter or surgical instruments into sterile body cavities such as insertion of a wound drain
- What are the stages of of infection? (chp. 29 pg. 445-446)
●When a pt acquires an infection, observe for signs and symptoms and take appropriate actions to prevent its spread.
●Infections follow a progressive course: (pg. 446, box 29-2)
○Incubation period:
■Interval between entrance of pathogen into body and appearance of first symptoms (ex; chickenpox, common cold, influenza, measles, mumps, ebola)
○Prodromal stage:
■Interval from onset of nonspecific signs and symptoms (malaise, low-grade fever, fatigue) to more specific symptoms. (During this time microorganisms grow and multiply, and pt may be capable of spreading disease to others). For ex, herpes simplex begins with itching and tingling at the site before the lesion appears.
○Illness stage:
■Interval when pt manifests signs and symptoms specific to type of infection. For ex. Strep throat is manifested by sore throat, pain, and swelling.
○Convalescence:
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