pg. 1 HCMC Competency Test Latest Update 2024/ Actual Exam Questions with Correct Detailed Answers (Verified) Rated A+
- Systems that buffer blood - Correct Answer –
- Bicarbonate
- Proteins
- Hemoglobin
2.Phosphate
Bicarbonate buffer - Correct Answer - maintains pH of extracellular fluid
HCO3- & H2CO3, amphoteric Regulated by sodium and kidneys
Phosphate buffer system - Correct Answer - buffers pH of ICF and urine
Neutralizes strong acids and helps H+ ions released
2,3-BPG
Proteins buffer system - Correct Answer - Hb + H+ <-> Hubb many proteins can donate or accept H+
Hemoglobin buffer system - Correct Answer - primary buffer against carbonic acid changes 1 / 4
pg. 2 Maintains pH Binds CO2, isohydric and chloride shift, and transporting O2 and H+
Kidney role in acid-base balance - Correct Answer - Expel acid-base waste products in urine Exchange sodium and H+ in tubules
Respiratory system and acid-base balance - Correct Answer - Excrete CO2 and water
Blood CO2 is directly related to Carbonic acid and H+ If the respiratory system is the cause of an imbalance, the respiratory system cannot correct the pH (?) The respiratory system can also act as a compensatory mechanism to change respiration rates to blow off or retain CO2.
Acidosis factors - Correct Answer - Sever diarrhea, uremia, renal failure, decreased lung capacity, pH, electrolyte, and gasses
Alkalosis Factors - Correct Answer - Decreased bicarbonate, hypoxia, aspirin, pH, electrolyte, and gasses.
Base excess - Correct Answer - -2 to +2 mmol/L Difference between the sample and the standard level of base
Respiratory acidosis - Correct Answer - Accumulation of CO2 --> ^ PCO2--> decrease pH
Respiratory alkalosis - Correct Answer - Excessive elimination of CO2 --> lowers PCO2, and increases pH
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pg. 3 Metabolic acidosis - Correct Answer - Accumulation of acid --> lowers blood pH --> ^ bicarbonate concentration
Metabolic alkalosis - Correct Answer - Accumulation of base --> elevating blood pH --> increase in bicarbonate concentration
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) - Correct Answer - An intracellular enzyme involved in AA metabolism
Alanine AA---> Alpha-oxoglutarate ALT high - Correct Answer - Cirrhosis, obstructive liver disease, and hepatic cancer
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) - Correct Answer - Enzyme with optimal pH of 9.0-10.0
Frees Pi from an organic phosphate monoester
Location: biliary tract and osteoblasts
ALP High - Correct Answer - Obstructive liver disease
Bone disorder (osteocalcin, rickets) Liver cancer hepatobiliary disease
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) - Correct Answer - Catalyzes interconversion of AA
Deamination of aspartate --> oxalacetate IN liver, muscles, and brain High AST - Correct Answer - cirrhosis
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pg. 4 Alcoholic hepatitis Reye's syndrome
Amylase - Correct Answer - Hydrolysis of starch Pancreas and salivary glands
High amylase - Correct Answer - acute pancreatic disease
obstructive liver disease acute alcoholism
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) - Correct Answer - Membrane enzyme that transfers a gamma-glutamyl group from glutathione and others to AA
High GGT - Correct Answer - Hepatic damage, hepatobiliary, alcohol or drug toxicity
Direct bilirubin - Correct Answer - Conjugated
Water soluble and excreted in urine.
High direct bilirubin - Correct Answer - Dubin-Johnson syndrome, rotor syndrome, hepatocellular disease, Gilbert's disease
blood urea nitrogen (BUN) - Correct Answer - Nitrogen found in urea in the serum
Measured to screen for renal failure
Function: urea helps get rid of nitrogen
High BUN - Correct Answer - uremia and azotemia
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