Hondros A&P 2 Final Exam chemical messengers Ans- Endocrine system makes use of hormones Pituitary hypthal, pineal, thyroid, thymus adreneal, testes&ovaries Ans- Parts of the endocrine glands Non steroid(protein hormones) and steroid hormones Ans- 2 major groups of hormones sex hormones, Cortisol Ans- Steroid hormones bind to receptors without nucleus Insulin, epinephrine Ans- Non steroid hormones bind to receptors on cell membrane Action of Insulin Ans- lowers BG level in the pancreas Action of glucagon Ans- raises BG level where is Cortisol(stress hormone) produced? Ans- Adrenal cortex Epinephrine produced by? Ans- Adrenal medulla (fight or flight) Cortisol has what to do with Addison's disease? Ans- not enough Cortisol Cortisol has what to do with crushing disease? Ans- too much Cortisol what is the thyroid hormone produced by? Ans- thyroid metabolic rate S/S of hypothyroidism Ans- weight gain S/S of hyperthyroidism Ans- weight loss TSH stimulates what? Ans- the thyroid to produce Thyroid hormones (T3,T4) Hypersecretion Ans- increased metabolic rate, inability to gain weight, nervousness Hyposecretion Ans- low energy, weight gain Functions of Cortisol Ans- resistance to stress, inhibits inflammation and immunity, rasies BG levels Arteries Ans- carries blood away from the heart Veins Ans- carries blood toward the heart 1 / 2
Valves that produce the "lub" Ans- (AV-valves) tricuspid & bicuspid Valves that produce the "dub" Ans- (Semilunar valves) pulmonary and aortic valves All arteries carry oxygenated except for Ans- Pulmonary artery All veins carry deoxygenated blood except for Ans- Pulmonary vein P wave Ans- atrial depolarization QRS wave Ans- ventricular depolarization T wave Ans- ventricular repolarization Atrial systole Ans- depolarization Pace maker of the heart Ans- SA node Effects of sympathetic side Ans- Vasoconstrict, increase BP, broncodilate, Effects of parasympathetic side Ans- Vasodilate, decrease BP, broncoconstrict Vessel with the hightest BP Ans- Aorta Vessel with the lowest BP Ans- vena cava Inspiration Ans- -diaphragm contracts -thoraxic cavity increases -intra-alveolar pressure decreases expiration Ans- -diaphragm relaxes -thoraxic cavity decreases -intra-alveolar pressure increases Surfactant Ans- prevents alveoli from collapsing during exhalation How many lobes in the lungs? Ans- Right side has 3 lobes left side has 2 lobes Normal pH range Ans- 7.35-7.45 Too much HCO3 in the body is called Ans- alkalosis Resp. Acidosis is Ans- -increased CO2 -decreased pH
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