Illinois Pesticide General Standards Test Study Guide

Illinois Pesticide General Standards Test Study Guide | 200 Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Latest Update

• The goal of IPM isn't to eliminate the entire pest population but....

To avoid adverse effects on humans wildlife and the environment

• Which of the following words is that number of pests per plant or the amount

of damage to a plant at which point control measures should begin?Economic Threshold

• What can be said about insects?

They have three pairs of jointed legs.

• Which of the following is an incomplete life cycle?

Egg nymph and adult.

• The disease that is generally the result of unfavorable growing conditions such

as temperature or moisture extremes soil compaction pesticide or fertilizer excess etc..?Noninfectious Disease

• The first step in planning a successful weed control program is?

Identify the weed (scouting)

• Broadleaf weeds differ from grasses how?

They have netted veins that are usually less elongated than that of grass leaves.

• This weed germinates in the spring develops a root system and a low-growing

cluster of leaves called a rosette?Biennial

• The part of the pesticide that kills is the?

Active ingredient

• Wettable powders when mixed with water....

Require agitation

• What do Surfactants do?

Decrease the surface tension of water allowing the water carrier to spread over the surface.

• Can you mix two pesticides together if the label doesn't specify they can be

mixed?Yes your responsibility to make sure they retain their properties.

• How can you tell two pesticides are not compatible?

The mixture may curdle gel or become sludge like.

• How long is certification valid in Illinois before an applicator/operator must

retest?Each exam is valid for a period of up to 3 years as long as annual renewal forms are submitted.

• The pre-harvest interval is the?

Amount of time that a crop can be harvested after it has been sprayed.

• Which of the following is on every label?

Keep out of Reach of Children.

• Who can purchase Restricted Use Pesticides?

Certified Applicators or persons under their direct supervision.

• What part of the label should you look under to find the minimum PPE you

should wear?Precautionary Statement.

• How often should you read the pesticide label?

Every time you purchase the product- can be used up to the phase out date

• The Office of Safety and Health Administration protects the nation's workers

through dissemination of information...."Worker Right-to-Know"

• Which of the following dermal exposures is the most serious?

When a pesticide mixed with oil crosses the skin barrier and into the bloodstream the results can be fatal.

• If you spill highly concentrated chemicals on your cloths how should you clean

them?

Don't, dispose of them properly.

• When filling rinsing draining and cleaning your equipment preferably the area

should have?A wash pad wash rack or concrete apron with a well designed sump to catch contaminated water.

• What is the best way to get rid of excess chemical?

Dilute excess and reapply to area but do not exceed label rates for area.

• What is a major concern of drift?

Off target damage to vegetation and people.

• Which of the following is important to consider when purchasing and applying

a pesticide?

a) The label is a legal document

b) Before you buy and apply a pesticide read the label

c) A General Use pesticide is not given a classification on the label

--d) All of the above

• What is a major complaint to the Dept. of Agriculture about spraying?

Drift from farms etc...

• If you were going to spray an area and there are bee colonies with-in two

miles what should you do?Contact the bee keepers 48 hrs. in advance so the colonies can be moved.

• When is the best time to spray if bees are in the area?

Dawn and dusk.

• Must be used with special caution near bee hives since bees may carry them

back to the hive and poison the entire colony?Microencapsulated herbicide

• How would you determine if the pesticide you are using is prone to

volatilization?Check the label often indicates.

• Who do you have to contact if you have a chemical spill?

Illinois Emergency Management Agency (IEMA) they in turn notify the appropriate agency for response available 24hrs.

• Which of the following is an example of a surface-water advisory?

Allow a 66-foot buffer area between the application area and surface water sources like a stream.

• Pesticide breakdown is much slower in groundwater why?

Low oxygen and light conditions.

• Which of the following influences a pesticides leaching ability?

Soil texture and organic matter.

• A highly soluble pesticide is....?

Poorly adsorbed and more likely to leach.

• What type of nozzle sprays in a cone pattern with droplets throughout?

Solid-cone.

• When raising the boom sprayer you....?

Reduce or eliminate the overlap and increase drift.

• What are some factors that you should think about before spraying?

Wind temperature, droplet size...

• When using a tree injection system you should?

Use low pressure and allow the tree to uptake chemical.

• For treatment to be effective against perennial weeds?

Must use a translocated herbicide to control vegetative reproductive structure

• What should you do if you spill chemical on your clothes?

Remove clothes wash area thoroughly with soapy water etc.

• The PPE that you wear when applying pesticides should be laundered?

Wash as soon as possible do not let clothes sit around.

• What pump would you use if you wanted low flow rates and psi of up to 1000?

Piston.

• When laundering clothes that were worn while spraying...?

Launder daily (within eight hours) keep separate from other clothing and inform person washing clothes of pesticide use.

• How do you proper clean your nozzles?

Move to an area where it is safe and use a nozzle brush to clean nozzles.

• When tanking mixing concentrates or highly toxic sprays...?

Wear a face shield or tight fitting goggles with antifog lenses and indirect venting.

• Which substance produces gas vapors fumes and requires special licensing to

handle?Fumigants

• Who enforces the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)?

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)

• Who is responsible for enforcing the laws that regulate the use of pesticides

for structural pest control?Illinois Department of Public Health.

• An individual who applies pesticides for any purpose on property other than

that owned rented or leased by themselves or their employer is a ...?Commercial For Hire Pesticide Applicator.

• To purchase a "restricted" use pesticide?

Must have a current valid pesticide license or certification # must be recorded on the retail invoice.

• Lawn Care Products Application and Notice Act require?

Placement of markers immediately after application to lawn is made.

• Applicators of "restricted" use pesticides must keep records for two years of

what?Product used amount applied size of area treated crop commodity and location date and name of applicator.

We have an expert-written solution to this problem!

• What are the types of control methods?

Cultural mechanical biological chemical

• What is the breakeven point at which the cost of pest control equals the

revenue loss caused by a pest?Economic injury level

• What is incomplete development in insects or simple metamorphosis?

Egg nymph adult

• What are the 4 life cycles?

Egg larva pupa and adult.

• How many legs do mites have?
• pairs eight legs

• What animals are not protected by law?

Starlings house sparrows and feral pigeons

62. What are these symptoms: soil compaction pesticide or fertilizer excess

temperature and moist extremes?Noninfectious disease

• What is a yellowish-green coloration in normally green tissues such as leaves?

Chlorosis (see p.10)

• What is abnormal swelling in a portion of a branch leaf root or bud?

Gall (see p. 10)

• What is intermingling patches of green and yellow on a leaf?

Mosaic (see p. 10)

• What does a biennial weed do?

Seed the second summer and die in the winter (see p. 12)

• What type of herbicide is best for perennial weeds?

Systemic (translocated) herbicides (see p. 13)

• What does A.I. Stand for ?

Active ingredient (see p. 15)

• What order do you put these in a tank to mix them properly Soluble powders

(SP) Wettable powders (WP) and Flowable (F)?Fill tank 1/4 to 1/2 full with carrier.Begin agitation.Add utility agents if needed (buffers)

Add Dry pesticides: Wettable Powder (WP )

Add Wet pesticides: Flowable (F)

Add Solution forming pesticides: Soluble (SP)

Add Spray modifiers Finish filling tank with carrier (ie. from hardest to dissolve to easiest)

• What happens with Wetable Powders (WP)?

They wear out pumps and nozzles (see p. 16)

• What are necessary for the development of an infectious plant disease?

Susceptible host Plant Pathogen Favorable Environment and Time

• What type of weed germinates in the spring develops a root system and low

growing cluster of leaves called a rosette?A Biennial weed

• Which of the following is not a type of pesticide?
• wettable powder
• microencapsulated

--c) surfactant

• soluble powder

• Pesticide failure can be caused by which of the following?
• pest resistance

• inappropriate rate of pesticide used
• environmental factors unfavorable for pesticide activity

--d) all of the above

• A biennial weed is?

a) Grows and sets seed every other year staying dormant underground on

alternate years

b) Flowers and set seeds twice per year

c) Grows vegetatively for two years and flowers and set seed on the third year

--d) Grows vegetatively for one year and flowers and set seeds during the second year

• What type of treatment is most effective against perennial weeds?

A Systemic (translocated) herbicide to control vegetative reproductive parts

• What does LD 50 stand for?

Dose that kills half of the test animals (stands for lethal dose (LD) for 50%)

• How do you prevent back-siphoning of pesticide back into the water supply?

Keeping an air gap or using anti-siphoning devices on garden hoses

• How should you transport herbicide?

Checks to make sure all containers are not leaking. Do not transport with: Food

animal feed or animal supplies. Tie down and secure containers

• How should you store herbicide?

Store downwind and downhill from houses play areas and ponds Store away from human and livestock areas to avoid contamination in case of fire Signs posted with a locked door

• What type of exposure occurs if chemical blows onto an operator's chest?

Dermal exposure

• If you spill highly concentrated toxic chemicals on your clothing how should

you clean them?Do not clean them... dispose of them immediately and change into clean clothes

We have an expert-written solution to this problem!

• What is the most serious dermal exposure?

When a pesticide mixed with oil crosses the skin barrier and into the bloodstream

the results can be fatal.

• What are the factors affecting pesticides making its way into the groundwater?

Pesticide properties ( adsoprtion and solubility) Soil properties (soil texture and organic matter) Site conditions (depth of groundwater slope & climate) Management practices (mishandling not following directions) Example- Leaching occurs more on sandy soil or runoff on sloped areas

• When should you not spray to prevent drift?

When winds are over 10 mph wind is blowing towards sensitive areas winds are shifting and during periods of calm/inversion.

• Which of these conditions is most likely to result in runoff?

a) Sloping areas

b) Areas with little ground cover

c) Intense rainfall

--d) All of the above

• How do you determine if the pesticide you are using is prone to volatilization?

Check the label it often indicates.

• What are two ways for pesticides to move downwind to non-target areas?

--a) By vapor drift and particle drift

b) By runoff or soil erosion

c) By microbial degradation and photodegradation

d) By leaching through the soil profile into underground rivers

• What is the major concern of drift?

Off target damage to vegetation and people

• What is the major complaint the Department of Agriculture receives about

spraying?Spray drift from farms

• Who do you have to contact if you have a chemical spill?

Illinois Emergency Management Agency (IEMA) (available 24 hours). They will notify the appropriate agency OR Contact the emergency number on the label (available 24 hours)

• What does FIFRA stand for and what agency is the lead administrative agency?

The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act administered by the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) that regulates pesticide use and registration

• What federal agency regulated the registration of pesticides and the proper

certification of pesticide applicators in the US?U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)

• What act regulates the registration storage handling and distribution of

pesticides in the state of Illinois?Illinois Pesticide Act

• What law is administered by the Occupational Safety and Health

Administration (OSHA) that requires that employees be informed of the pesticides and other hazardous chemicals in the workplace?Worker-Right-to-Know Law

• What agency administers the Structural Pest Control Act which regulates wood

treatment and other pests inside houses or other structures in Illinois?Illinois Department of Public Health

• What agency serves as the state lead agency for administration of the Illinois

Pesticide Act?Illinois Department of Agriculture

• How many years must records of restricted pesticide applications be

maintained?

• years

• Which of the following is important to consider when purchasing and applying

a pesticide?

a) The label is a legal document

b) Before you buy and apply a pesticide read the label

c) A General Use pesticide is not given a classification on the label

--d) All of the above

• When is the greatest potential for spray drift?

When wind velocity is greater than 10 miles an hour or when the wind is blowing

toward sensitive plants or critical areas.

• When should you not apply low volume sprays (those having smaller droplet

size)?During periods of high temperature or low humidity. (since droplets evaporate easier)

What is the goal of the Integrated Pest Management (IPM)?to optimize, not maximize pest control.

What is the key to successful IPM?Scouting

What is NOT the goal of IPM?Elimination of all pests

What is ECONOMIC THRESHOLD?the amount of pests or damage at which control should be used to prevent reaching economic injury level

What is ECONOMIC INJURY LEVEL?is the breakeven point at which cost of pest control is equal to revenue lost caused by pest

what is an example of CULTURAL CONTROL?to have dense, vigorous stand of turf grass that has been properly fertilized and mowed and is the best defense against weeds

What type of pest does BTI control?caterpillar pests

What are the four reasons pesticides may fail to control a pest?Applying the wrong pesticide Applying the pesticide when pest is not at susceptible stage Failing to apply the pesticide to where pest is located Applying pesticide to a resistant pest population

What are some beneficial pests?dragonflies, praying mantis, lacewings, lady beetles, and pararasitic wasps

Noninfectious diseases are generally the result of unfavorable conditions such as temp or moisture extremes. They CANNOT spread from one plant to another, and cannot be controlled by pesticides

Who are not protected under federal law?starlings, feral (wild) pigeons, and house sparrows

What are the four elements necessary for the development of Infectious Plant Diseases?Susceptible host Plant pathogen Favorable Environment Time

When are plants easiest to control?As seedlings

Disiccant target pests are plants to be dehydrated

Active Ingediant is the part of the formulation that is effective against the target pest

Brand B 4EC means the product is an emulsifiable concentrate product that contains 4 lbs of active ingrediant per gallon

Microencapsulated (ME) insecticides use special caution near beehives. Honeybees may carry along with pollen back to hive, where the released pesticide may poison entire beehive

Tank Mix Order *1/2 carrier + agitation* Wettable powders, DryFlowables, Water Dispersable Granules Emulsifiable concentrates Solutions, solution powder Penetrant and surfactants finally balance of carrier

Fumigant

may start out as solid/liquid but turn to vapor/gas when applied

Penetrant are used specifically to increase spray concentration into the leaf

Drift reduction additives are added to increase droplet size and reduce drift

Surfactants (also called spreaders or wetting agents) are "surface-active agents" that decrease the surface tension of water, allowing the water carrier to spread over the surface rather than forming droplets

Calendar spraying or overuse of broad spectrum may also kill natural predators and parasites of that pest

Systemic or translocated pesticides move within the plant or animal from the site of uptake to other parts of the plant or animal

The label is a legal document, if you do not follow you could be subject to civil or criminal penalties

Every pesticide is assigned a use classification by the USEPA, also classified as general or restricted use

The signal word (DANGER/WARNING/CAUTION) in large letters will appear along with KEEP OUT THE REACH OF CHILDREN on each pesticide label

DANGER/POSION

high toxicity

WARNING

moderate toxicity

CAUTION

low/slight toxicity

Restricted use pesticide can only be used by and sold to a certified applicator or anyone under their direct supervision

Hazard = Toxicity + Exposure

Hazard is the chance of harm to a person

Toxicity is the ability of a pesticide to cause injury or dealth

LD50 number the lower the LD50 number, the higher the toxicity

Nearly all pesticide dealths are due to eating or drinking of pesticides

Dermal (skin) poisioning varies greatly, depending on the amount of skin contaminated, what part of the body is contaminated, and how long the pesticide remains on the skin

Scrotal Area has the highest absorption rate on the human body

If pesticide is spilled in eyes flush with water for at least 15-20 mins

When using a pesticide, regardless of the toxicity wear at least a hard hat, a long sleeved shirt, long trousers or a coverall garment and socks and shoes. For almost all pesticide chemicals gloves should also be worn.

When handling pesticide concentrates during mixing and loading or when using moderately toxic materials wear chemical-resistant boots, gloves, and apron, as well as googles

Cleaning Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) clean immediatley after use with soap and warm or hot water follow with at least

• cold wash rinses. Do not store contaminated clothing with family laundry. Starch

clothing for added protection

Proper papers and placards are necessary when transporting 1000+ lbs of pesticide. Transport in an open vehicle so that fumes and spills will not contact driver or passengers

The use of a mixing pad is used to collect any spills and helps guard against pesticide contaminating the soil or ground water. Do not mix or load in the same place, so as to avoid contamination

If a nozzle clogs or other problems occur in the field shut off sprayer and move to an unsprayed area to correct the problem. Clean and unclog nozzles with a soft-bristled brush. Do not use a metal object such as a piece of wire. Never try to unclog a nozzle by blowing through it with your mouth.Make sure there is a gap between hose and tank to avoid back-siphoning

The best place to fill, rinse, drain, and clean pesticides is on a wash pad with a well designed sump to catch and contain contaminated wash water and pesticide

Absorbative clay, activated charcoal, vermiculite, pet litter, saw dust, or specialized pesticide-absorbent material should be readily available at the storage site to soak up spills and leaks

If containers are damaged transfer pesticide to similar sturdy, sealable container and label immediately

Under the soil surface pesticides are not readily exposed to oxygen, sunlight, and other factors necessary for pesticide breakdown. The groundwater is often impossible to purify once contaminated. Where purification is possible, it is very expensive

When treating around or near beehives use a pesticide with a low toxicity to bees, treat when bees are not active, or notify beekeeper at least 48 hrs prior. Remember bees can fly up to 3 miles, so notify any within range of treatment. GRANULES OR PELLETS are safer around bees than spray

Half-life is the amount of time it takes the active ingredient to breakdown in 1/2

In warmer weather it is safer to use 2,4-D amine INSTEAD of 2,4-D ester

Particle drift occurs during or after application. Nozzle type, size, orientation, pressure, and height affect droplet size and thus particle drift

When a spill occurs do everything possible to stop the spill first

The applicator's first job is to identify the target of the pesticide by asking and asking such questions as, "what is the pest?"

Spot applicaitons treats only a small area where the pest is

Brand application

treats only a narrow strip over a row of desirable plants

Broadcast application treats an entire area

When spray boom is raised overlap increases

Many hand-held spray guns and lawn size spreaders use 100% overlap

oversized hoses may allow the pesticide to settle before it is sprayed

GPM = (GPA x MPH x W (ins))/5940

Particle drift

depends on droplet size, wind speed, and wind direction

Vapor drift occurring is dependent on warmer weather, wind, and low humidity

when it is hot and dry droplets evaporate, shrink, and become more prone to drift. Small droplets are most affected by evaporation. If it is hot and dry, avoid spraying during the heat of the day

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodent Act (FIFRA) is administered by the USEPA. It was first approved in 1947. It provides a framework that if used correctly the product will provide some helpful service without endangering the user, environment, or other persons

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) in 1976 addressed proper management of pesticides and their containers

The Illinois Department of Agriculture

is responsible for the registration, purchase, use, storage, and disposal (related to use) of pesticides used in outdoor environments or in the production of agricultural commodities

Private Applicators Federal require all certified private applicators maintain records of restricted use pesticide applications. Must be recorded within 14 days of application and

maintained for 2 years. Record should include:

Pesticide product name and USEPA registration number Amount of pesticide used Size of area treated Crop, commodity, stored product, or site treated Location of application

Commercial Applicators Records must be maintained for 2 years. Requirements of restricted use

applications under Illinois Pesticide Act must include:

Pesticide product name and the USEPA registration number Amount of Product applied Date of application (M/D/Y) Use site(s)

The Lawn Products Application and Notice Act

requires the placement of markers immediately after application is made

the Worker Protection Standard (WPS) is a regulation issued by the USEPA. It is designed to limit workers' exposure to pesticides, reduce adverse health affects when exposure occurs, and inform and educate workers about hazards associated with occupational pesticide exposure.WPS affects anyone who uses pesticides in the production of agricultural products on farms, forests, nurseries, and greenhouses

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) went into effect Nov. 1, 2011. Illinois EPA is lead agency on the NPDES permit process. Any pest control agency that uses pesticides on or near water are required to fill permit

A pesticide can become hazardous waste when the product or product container (if not triple rinsed) is no longer usable as a pesticide or is destined for disposal

Active Ingredient (a.i.) the portion of the pesticide formulation that is effective against the targeted pest.In liquid pesticides is expressed in pounds/gallon of formulation

Acute Exposure A single or limited contact to a pesticide that may result in injury or dealth

Biological Control the management of pests by means of living organisms such as predators, parasites, or disease-producing organisms

Organic Matter (OM) the humus, or organic, fraction of the soil that has the ability to absorb pesticide molecules or ions

Dermal Exposure pesticide exposure through skin contact

Mode of Action the general way in which a pesticide affects the pest

Run-off and Erosion Two ways pesticides can be moved to nearby surface water (lakes, creeks and rivers)

Surface water contamination can be reduced if:

Don't spray when heavy rain expected, eliminate bare slopes by creating terraces and construct and maintain good grass waterways

Leaching Can contaminate the groundwater by moving pesticides downward in the soil profile with percolating water

Run-in Allows pesticides to move directly from soil surface to the groundwater below

Pesticide properties and factors that determine whether a pesticide is likely to reach ground water Its PERSISTENCE, how well it resists degradation ABSORPTION, how tightly it is bound to soil colloids SOLUBILITY, how readily it dissolves in water

A soil's texture and organic matter are:

Soil properties that determine whether a pesticide is likely to reach ground water

Site conditions that determine whether a pesticide is likely to reach ground water the sites depth to groundwater, geologic conditions and climate

Management practices that determine whether a pesticide is likely to reach groundwater Mishandling and not reading and following label directions

What should be done in the event of a spill?Try to stop the spill, attend to the injured, confine the spill and alert the authorities

Agitation is:

portion of solution that is circulated back to tank. Mix pesticides to prevent from settling to bottom of tank

The type of nozzle are important for controlling:

The amount and uniformity of the spray, the coverage of the target and potential for off-target spray drift

Very fine droplet size provide:

better coverage but more likely to drift

What weather factors can influence air drift:

Wind speed, wind direction, temp and humidity

Do not spray when:

wind speed is greater than 10 mph, wind is blowing towards sensitive areas, wind is shifting and when very calm conditions

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) plant protection recommended for efficient pest control with minimal environmental impact

IPM goals to keep pest populations below the economic injury in production crops and below the aesthetic injury level in non-crop and ornamental plants and to avoid adverse effects on humans, wildlife and the environment...and to OPTIMIZE not MAXIMIZE pest control

Aesthetic

desirable "look", beauty

non-IPM goal the elimination of all pests

Aesthetic injury level enough damage to plant to warrant the cost of control

Cultural control improves crop health in order to make the crop better able to compete against

pests. Ex: crop rotation, selecting resistant plants, grass or ground cover

Resistant Varieties the most efficient method of disease control in the plantings

Mechanical control physical elimination of the pest. Ex: hand pulling, hoeing, rotary hoeing, mowing, pruning

Biological control the use of living organisms to reduce pest populations to economically acceptable levels. Ex: insects, diseases, or parastitic plants can be used as control agents to reduce weed competitiveness

Preventative control

helps prevent the spread and entry of pests. Ex: quarantines, inspections,

regulations enforced

Chemical control an integral part of IPM program. Pesticides offer economical and dependable method of pest control

Insect identification adults have 3 pairs of jointed legs (6 legs) and three distinct body regions, the HEAD, THORAX and ABDOMENT, TWO PAIRS OF WINGS

Incomplete development of insect

• life stages

eggs HATCH into NYMPHS that become ADULTS adults MATE and LAY eggs to complete the cycle

Complete development of insects

• life stages

eggs HATCH into LARVE, that become PUPAE adults emerge from PUPAE and MATE before LAYING eggs

Pupal Stage the resting stage, the insect doesn't feed and is not very active

Insect relatives mites, predatory mites, ticks, spiders

predatory mites feed on other mites, they can be used to control plant feeding mites. some predatory mites feed on people and animals, CHIGGERS, SCABIES MITE, NORTHERN FOWL MITE, TROPICAL RAT MITE, and MANGE MITE. They also transmit diseases via; dog tick, lone star tick, deer tick, fowl, tick and cattle tick

weed identification the 1st step in planning a successful weed control program. 3 things to know: type of plant, life cycle and method of reproduction

annual weeds complete their cycle in 1 year

biennial weeds complete their cycle in 2 years a rosette is a low growing cluster of leaves

perennial live for more than 2 years...think WILDFLOWERS, herbaceous or woody.

pesticide any CHEMICAL used to DESTROY, PREVENT or CONTROL any form of life declared to a pest.

acaricide for mites and ticks

avicide for non protected birds

herbicide for plants

insecticide for insects

nematicide for nematodes (worms)

piscicide fish

selective pesticide control certain pests with LITTLE or NO INJURY to related ORGANISMS (Weed-be- gone)

non-selective pesticide control nearly ALL related ORGANISMS, (Round Up)

contact pesticide control by DIRECT contact with the pest.

examples: fungicides kill or inhibit the fungus before it enters the plant

inert ingredient make the active ingredient more effective by allowing it to mix with the carrier or other products

pesticide formulation the final product users purchase, it contains both active and inert ingredients

soluble powders (SP) mix with water and form a true solution

wettable powders (WP) among the most WIDELY used formulations. mixed with water and form a SUSPENSION, they DO NOT form "true" solutions

dry flowables (DF) small water dispersible granules that "flow" out of the container when poured into the carrier

granules (G) made by coating or adsorbing the active ingredient onto coarse particles like clay, pellets, shells, ground corn cobs

dusts (D) contain low percentages of active ingredients

pellets (P) or (PS) similar to granules but more uniform (same weight and shape)

solution (S) form true solution. when mixed they don't settle or separate, they don't leave unsightly residues or clog equipment

emulsifiable concentrate (EC or E) contains an ACTIVE ingredient, one or more SOLVENTS and can be mixed with WATER

What is a Preharvest Interval (PHI):

The minimum time that must pass between pesticide application and harvest

Pesticide residues:

Need time to break down to a safe and legal level

Tolerance is:

The safe and legal level amount of pesticide residue that may legally remaining or on food crop

Ultra low volume (ULV) Which liquid pesticide formulation may approach 100% active ingredient

Suspension Which is the pesicide formulation process by which solid particles are dispersed in a liquid

Thickeners

Which type of adjuvant increases the viscosity of spray mixtures

What is an advantage of micro encapsulated materials?Delayed slow release of active ingredient prolongs its effectiveness

Commercial for-hire OPERATOR works under the supervision of an applicator, can mix, apply and store pesticides

Commercial for-hire APPLICATOR Usually someone who owns or supervises a company they applies pesticides for profit

Commercial not-for-hire individuals who apply pesticides on the property of their employer