Introduction to Psychology (Exam 1) / Key Questions with 100% Correct Answers.What is Psychology? - jibuThe study of mind and behavior.What is Nativism (Nature)? - jibuNativism is the theory that knowledge is innate and inborn. Our biological endowment makes up who we are.What is Empiricism (Nurture)? - jibuEmpiricism is the idea that we gain knowledge through experience and surroundings. Our environment makes up who we are.Plato - jibuHe believes in the philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate and inborn (nativism/nature).Aristotle - jibuHe believes in philosophical empiricism which states that knowledge is gained through experience.Wilhelm Wundt - jibuHe believes in the idea of structuralism. Structuralism is when you analyze the brain by breaking it down to its main components.William James - jibuHe believes in the idea of functionalism. Functionalism is when you see how someone functions or adapts to new aspects in their environment.John Watson - jibuHe believed that psychology and the mind was not able to be studied through scientific inquiry. Instead, he was a behaviorist who focused more so the actions of humans to explain their train of thought. 1 / 3
B.F. Skinner - jibuHe was another behaviorist that believed in Pavlov's experiments and Watson's theories. He studied how behavior was learned according to circumstance.Sigmund Freud - jibuHe came up with psychoanalytic theory which is very much so used today.Psychoanalysis is the study of unconscious mind and how it affects a person's thoughts, feelings, and emotions.Behaviorism - jibuan approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study objectively observable behavior Cognitive Psychology - jibuthe scientific study of mental processes including perception, thought, memory, and experience Evolutionary Psychology - jibua psychological approach that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection (Influenced by Darwin, James, and EO Wilson) Humanistic Psychology - jibuan approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings Social Psychology - jibuA subfield of psychology that studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal studies Cultural Psychology - jibuStudy of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members Emergence of Cognitive Psychology - jibuIt became a thing when Max Wertheimer began to study illusions and errors when it came to the mind. He came up with the Gestalt theory that states that we rather perceive the "sum" over the "parts". Kurt Lewin believed that we saw the world as we saw it and not at all how it actually was. The invention of computers made most psychologists ignore this and see psychology objectively. 2 / 3
Operational Definition - jibuIt is the description of a property in concrete, measurable terms. For example, you can operationally define happiness as the amount of times that someone smiles.Dependent variable - jibuA variable whose value depends on another variable Independent variable - jibuA variable who is manipulated for an experiment, but does not depend on another Reliability - jibuIt is the tendency for an instrument to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing.Power - jibuAn instrument's ability to detect change in the property.Validity - jibuThe goodness with which a concrete event defines a property Demand Characteristics - jibuThe aspects of an observational setting that caused people to behave as they think they should What is a correlation? - jibuThey are two variable that are said to be correlated when variation of one variable is synchronized with the variation in the value of another. However, correlation does not equate to causation.What is the third variable problem (confounding variable)? - jibuIt is the chance that two variable are only related because of each are causally related to a third one.What is observer bias? - jibuObserver bias is expectations can influence observation and influence the perception of reality.
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