NURS 611 - Advanced Pathophysiology
Exam 1
Question:
What is the main mechanism of damage to DNA by the ionizing radiation?
Answer:
from generation of reactive oxygen species from reactions with free radicals by radiolysis of water
IT HURTS THE DNA THE MOST
Question:
What happens with physiologic processes with aging?
Answer:
every physiologic process can be shown to function less efficiently
Question:
What is sarcopenia?
Answer:
muscular atrophy: degenerative skeletal muscle loss 1 / 4
how fast it happens depends on nature/nurture
Question:
What happens when "stiffness" or "rigidity" of systems occur with aging?
Answer:
1-peripheral vascular resistance increases (HTN) 2- decreased production of hydrochloric acid (HCL) and delayed stomach emptying (decrease in appetite) 3- decreased immune response to T-dependent antigens
Question:
What happens with fluid and electrolytes with aging?
Answer:
1- total body potassium concentration decreases because of decreased cellular mass 2- the decreased cellular mass is accompanied by an increased extracellular compartment leading to an increased sodium/potassium ratio
Question:
What is an aneuploid cell?
Answer:
those that do not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes 2 / 4
Question:
What makes a trisomic cell?
Answer:
an aneuploid cell containing three copies of one chromosome (Trisomy 21, 18)
Question:
What is a well known example of aneuploidy?
Answer:
trisomy 21 (down syndrome)
Question:
What is trisomy 21 or down syndrome known for?
Answer:
IQ between 25-70 low nasal bridge protruding tongue flat, low set ears
- / 4
Question:
What is the definition of penetrance?
Answer:
The percentage of individuals with a specific genotype who also express the expected phenotype
Question:
What is Incomplete Penetrance?
Answer:
individuals who have a disease-causing allele may not exhibit that expected phenotype at all, even though the allele and the associated disease may be transmitted to the next generation
Question:
What is Huntington's disease and what are the main features?
Answer:
1-A well-known autosomal dominant condition 2- progressive dementia and increasingly uncontrollable movements of the limbs
- / 4