1 Ivy tech APHY 101 Final Exam/ Actual Exam Questions with 100% Correct Verified Solutions/ Rated A+
What is the epiphyseal plate? - ANS - as spongy bone is deposited in the diaphysis and in the epiphysis, a band of cartilage will form
what are osteoclasts? - ANS - cells that break down bone
what are osteoblasts? - ANS - bone forming cells
what are the functions of the skeletal system? - ANS - support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation
What is the axial skeleton? - ANS - skull, vertebral column, rib cage
What is the appendicular skeleton? - ANS - pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs
what are the steps of fracture repair? - ANS - 1. Hematoma formation- blood vessels, tissues in broken bone are torn resulting in a Hematoma mass of clotted cells. Bone cells with no nutrition will die and area will become irritated.
- Fibrocartilaginous callus formation- phagocytic cells invade the area and begin cleaning up the debris.
- Bone callus formation- about 1 week into repair, new bone begins to repair. This is called a bony callus.
This continues for about 3 months.
- Bone remodeling- excess material removed, shaft was reconstructed.
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2 how are bones classified? - ANS - by shape
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum? - ANS - the endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell. surrounds each myofirbril and runs parallel to it.
What are transverse tubules? - ANS - - they play an important role in the transmission of the stimulus of muscle contraction.
- contains extracellular fluid.
what is the function of actin? - ANS - they are the force generating proteins of the sarcomere, and they work together during the muscle contraction cycle in order to produce movement. the contractile proteins that forms the thick filaments.
What is the neuromuscular junction? - ANS - the synapse where a motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber meet
how does acetylcholine play a role in the neuromuscular junction? - ANS - - it is the neurotransmitter that motor neurons use to control skeletal contraction.
- it is synthesized in the cytoplasm of the motor neuron and is stored in the synaptic vesicles near the
distal end of its axson.
How does muscle contraction occur? - ANS - The cross bridges 'grab hold' of the actin filaments and pull them in order to cause contraction - ATP supplies energy for this
what are the shapes of bones? - ANS - long, short, flat, irregular
example of long bone - ANS - femur
example of short bones - ANS - carpals and tarsals in the ankle and wrist
examples of flat bones - ANS - ribs, scapulae, and some bones of the skull
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3 examples of irregular bones - ANS - facial bones, vertebrae
What is articular cartilage? - ANS - hyaline cartilage covering articular ends of the bones
What is a joint capsule? - ANS - tissue that stops synovial fluid from escaping and encloses and supports and holds the bones together.
what is a ligament? - ANS - Connects bone to bone and reinforce the joint capsule.
What is the synovial membrane? - ANS - inner layer of the joint capsule, covers all of the surface within the joint capsule.
What is synovial fluid? - ANS - Lubricates and nourishes the cartilage covering the bones at movable joints and contains macrophages the remove microbes and debris from the joint cavity.
what is the menisci? - ANS - cushion the articulating surfaces and help distribute body weight onto these surfaces
what is the bursae? - ANS - fluid-filled sac that acts as a ball bearing to reduce friction
what are the six different types of synovial joints? - ANS - 1. Ball-and-socket joints
- condylar/ellipsodial joint
- plane/gliding joint
- hinge joint
- pivot/trochoid joint
- saddle/sellar joint
define flexion - ANS - bending a joint
define extension - ANS - Straightening a body part 3 / 4
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define hyper extension - ANS - increasing the angle beyond 180 degrees between the bones of a joint (a back bend)
define dorsiflexion - ANS - movement at the ankle that moves the anterior portion of the foot closer from the shin (rocking back on your heels)
define plantar flexion - ANS - movement at the ankle that moves the anterior portion of the foot father from the shin (walking on your toes)
define abduction - ANS - moving away from the midline (lifting upper limb horizontally to form an angle with the side of the body)
define adduction - ANS - moving towards the midline (returing upper limb from horizontal position)
define rotation - ANS - moving a part around an axis (twisting head from side to side)
define circumduction - ANS - moving a part so that its ends follows a circular path (arm cirlces, moving finger in circular motion without moving the hand)
define supination - ANS - rotation of forearm so that the palm is upward or facing anteriorly
define pronation - ANS - rotation of the forearm so the palm is downward or facing posteriorly
define eversion - ANS - turning the foot so the plantar surface faces laterally
define inversion - ANS - turning the foot so the plantar surface faces medially
define protraction - ANS - moving a body part forward and parallel to the ground (moving the head forward)
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