Lakes and Ponds (freshwater - Zones:
Littoral, limnetic, profundal, benthic) Freshwater wetlands Estuaries - rivers empty into ocean (Salt Marshes (non woody vegetation) & Mangrove swamps Coral Reef (most diverse, warm shallow) Intertidal zone (narrow band between high & low tide) Open Ocean (low productivity / algae & phytoplankton) Aquatic Biomes
UNIT 1: Ecosystems
Herbivores (giraffe & tree) True Predators (carnivores) Parasites (use host for energy) Parasitoids (lay eggs in host) Predation (+/-)
Mutualism (+/+) - coral & lichen Commensalism (+/0) Parasitism (+/-) Symbiosis Resource partitioning (reduce competition) Temporal partitioning (using at diff times, like hunting day vs. night) Spatial partitioning (use diff areas of shared habitat Morphological partitioning (using deff resources based on diff body features) Competition Tundra (cold, treeless) Boreal Forest (very cold, evergreen trees) Temperate Rainforest (mod. temp, high precipitation) Temperate Seasonal Forest (warm summer, cold winters) Woodland/Shrubland (hot, dry summers rainy winters) Temperate Grassland (wildfires, very dry) Tropical Rainforest (warm/wet) Savanna (distinct wet/dry seasons) Terrestrial Biomes
Carbon - Introduced: respiration &
combustion of fossil fuels / Removed:
photosynthesis & decomposition (cellular respiration) = happening simultaneously Water - 1 evaporation + transpiration (water from leaves) / 2 condensation (clouds form) / 3 precipitation Phosphorus - 1 weathering erosion / 2 assimilation (consuming/absorbing) /
- decomposition excretion
(organisms) / 4 sediments (runoff into water) = happens on land Nitrogen (* most abundant in atmosphere / happens on ground ) - 1 Nitrogen Fixation --> converts to Ammonia / 2 Assimilation / 3 Ammonification --> Ammonium / 4 coverts to Nitrate/Nitrite (Nitrification) / 5 Leaching / 6 Denitrification
CYCLES
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rate that solar energy is converted into org.compounds via photosynthesis Primary Productivity measured in kcal/m2/yr.GPP (gross) - total sun energy that plants capture and convert to glucose NPP (net) - energy leftover for consumers after plants used some for respiration
NPP = GPP - RL (respiration loss) High PP = high plant growth = lots of food & shelter for animals UV light absorbing
most = UV-B least = UV-C
Positive (+): The first apple ripens,
causing the rest
Negative (-): Low-altitude clouds reflect
sunlight back into space. The result is less heating of Earth's surface, less evaporation, and less warming Feedback loops short term gain for long term negative effect Tragedy of the Commons
Ex: Coffee plants are a naturally occurring
shared resource, but overconsumption has led to habitat loss endangering 60 percent of the plants' species cropland, grazing land, fishing grounds, built-up land, forest area, and carbon demand on land Ecological Footprint
- for human need
Energy Pyramid Food Chain VS. Food Web 2 / 3
UNIT 2: Biodiversity
how diff genes are of individuals w/on a pop.Genetics Biodiversity # of diff species and balance or evenness Species Biodiversity # of diff habitats in given area Habitat Biodiversity An env. disturbance drastically
reduces pop. size (Ex: earthquake,
floods, fires) Bottle neck effect Racoons v. Koala Generalist vs. Specialist total # of diff species how all individual organisms are balanced between diff species Species Richness Species Evenness
Provisioning: taken from resources
(wood, paper, food) /NEG: over
harvesting, water pollution, & urbanization
Regulating: climate/air quality, reduce
storm damage, &health care cost /
NEG: deforestation
Supporting: bees pollinate crops /
NEG: pollinator had. loss & filling in
wetlands
Cultural: money from recreation
(parks, camping, tours) / NEG:
deforestation, pollution, & urbanization Ecosystem Services study of ecological relationships & community structure on islands larger = higher ecosystem diversity closer to mainland = higher species richness Island Biogeography
Optimal range: organisms survive, grow, &
reproduce
Zone of physiological stress: survive, but
experience infertility, lack of growth, & decreased activity
Zone of intolerance: organisms will die
Ecological Tolerance Periodic: regular frequency (Ex: dry-wet seasons) Episodic: occasional events w/ irregular frequency (Ex: hurricanes, droughts, fires) Random: no regular frequency (Ex: volcanoes, earthquakes, & asteroids) Natural Disruptions
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