WGU D023 School Financial Leadership Latest Update Already Passed
1st Development Stage of School Finance ✔✔The period of local district financial responsibility, with little or no assistance from the state -used to be local or church -rate bills or tuition -problem in equity
2nd Development Stage of School Finance ✔✔The period of emerging state responsibility, with the use of flat grants, subventions, and other nonequalizing state allocations to local districts -state to supplement local tax revenues to provide acceptable programs
3rd Development Stage of School Finance ✔✔The emergence of the Strayer-Haig concept of a foundation program (minimum program) -Each local district would levy the amount of local tax that was required in the richest district of the state to provide a foundation, or minimum, program. The rich district would receive no state funds; the other districts would receive state funds necessary to provide the foundation program.
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4th Development Stage of School Finance ✔✔The period of refinement of the foundation program concept -use of flat grants -question to take money from wealthy districts to equalize
5th Development Stage of School Finance ✔✔"Power" or "open-end" (shared costs) equalization practices -20th century
Equalization ✔✔state and local districts began exercising a degree of partnership in establishing and paying for a basic program of education for every school-age child in the state—at least in theory. In practice, the link between funding and program quality was questionable.
open-ended, or shared-cost, equalization plan ✔✔the percentage of this program to be paid by each individual district and by the state. This percentage of state funds would be high for poor districts and low for wealthier ones. Once that determination has been made for each district, the same partnership ratio would be maintained to pay the total cost of the school program in each district -Harlan Updegraff
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6th Development Stage of School Finance ✔✔The shift of emphasis and influence, and funding for special need -economic factors influenced (wars, terrorist attacks, natural disasters, fluctuating prices in energy, had to rethink budget and safety of schools
7th Development Stage of School Finance ✔✔A focus on adequacy in education finance -court cases -sufficient funding is needed to meet state laws, standards, and requirements, and must be constitutionally enforceable -CCSS
Foundational funding ✔✔The state provides a minimal level of funding as a guarantee per student expenditure. The intent of this system is to counteract the disparity of wealth across various districts of a state.
Common School Era ✔✔Local school districts were formed to support the education of the local population, many of whom were the children of immigrants. In order to accommodate this influx of educational need with limited personal resources, local property taxes became mandated to support public schools.
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Early Colonial Schooling ✔✔Funded through tuition or rate changes, primarily as a funding of the local community or church of that community.
Funding for public schools is directly addressed in which document? ✔✔State Constitution -The funding and operation of public schools is directly addressed in each state's constitution.Access to education and the quality are different depending upon how the state defines its language. For example, a "right" to education is different than a "goal" to educate all citizens. A "right" provides grounds for equity and equality litigation while a "goal" may provide more flexibility in disparity.
What is meant by pupil expenditure? ✔✔The pupil expenditure is the total expense accounted for by that specific student. For example, this funding amount includes but is not limited to: personnel expenses (salary, benefits, and other human resource expenses), transportation costs (gas, busses, oil, personnel), facility expenses (building construction, maintenance, utilities, insurance), and instructional resources (books, supplies, technology, materials). The amount of this pupil expenditure will vary as the cost of living changes for the location, but in many states the "foundational per pupil expenditure" is a guaranteed amount per pupil. In instances where the local funding is insufficient, it is supplemented by the state.
Financial disparity ✔✔
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